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6. ENVIRONMENT 6.1. Why is geothermal energy considered to be renewable? Geothermal systems produce a natural source of steam and hot water from aquifers of hot water heated by hot rocks underground. At the Earthís core, 4,000 miles deep, temperatures can reach upwards of 9,000°F (5,000°C). Geothermal resources can be considered renewable ìon timescales of technological/societal systems and do not need geological times for regeneration as fossil fuel reserves do.î The National Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980 both define geothermal energy as a renewable resource. Earthís heat is a constant source of energy that is essentially inexhaustible, and rainwater and snowmelt continue to feed the underground thermal aquifers. Heat has been radiating from the center of the earth for some 4.5 billion years, and it is estimated that it will continue to radiate for billions of years into the future. 6.2. How do geothermal plants compare to fossil fuel-fired power plants? Unlike fossil fuel power plants, no smoke is emitted from geothermal power plants, because no burning takes place; only steam is emitted from geothermal facilities. Emissions of nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide are extremely low, especially when compared to fossil fuel emissions. The binary geothermal plant, which currently represents around 15% of all geothermal plant capacity, along with the flash/binary plant, produce nearly zero air emissions. Even dry steam plants, which are considered to have the highest levels of air emissions, are considered environmentally benign compared with fossil fuels. For example, Lake County, California, downwind of The Geysers, has met all federal and state ambient air quality standards for almost 25 years. There are 21 power plants at The Geysers, comprising a significant complex of electric generation facilities, yet even despite this, air quality is excellent. At The Geysers, air quality has even improved as a result of geothermal development because hydrogen sulfide, which would ordinarily be released naturally into the atmosphere by hot springs and fumaroles, instead now passes through an abatement system that reduces hydrogen sulfide emissions by 99.9%.(1) See also Myth #2. 31PDF Image | Geothermal 101
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