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steam under reduced pressure is first converted to electricity with a backpressure steam turbine and the low-pressure steam exiting the backpressure turbine is condensed in a binary system. Figure 11: Flash/Binary Power Plant Diagram Figure 12: Puna, HI, Flash/Binary For more information about the above four types of power plants, access GEAís Environmental Guide or Surface Technology Report. In addition to different power plant technologies in use today, additional applications and technologies continue to emerge. The following are some commonly discussed as areas of future development: • Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS): Although the deeper crust and interior of the Earth is universally hot, it lacks two of the three ingredients required for a naturally occurring geothermal reservoir: water and interconnected open volume for water movement. Producing electricity from this naturally occurring hot, but relatively dry rock requires enhancing the potential reservoir by fracturing, pumping water into and out of the hot rock, and directing the hot water to a geothermal power plant. Research applications of this technology are being pursued in the U.S., France, Australia, and elsewhere.(3) EGS is also sometimes referred to as Hot Dry Rock. See further discussion of EGS in section 3.2. • Mixed Working Fluid/Kalina System: As of January 2009 the Kalina System was being used at two power plants. The first is a small demonstration power plant operated as part of Iceland's Husavik GeoHeat Project. The second plant to use the Kalina System is in Germany at the Unterhaching Power Station. The Kalina cycle uses an ammonia-water mixed working fluid for high efficiency. The Kalina cycle is only one of the possible mixed working fluid approaches to possibly achieving greater heat transfer efficiency and/or lower temperature production of power.(4) 12PDF Image | Geothermal 101
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