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MERIT ORDER. A way of ranking available sources of energy (particularly electricity generation) in ascending order based on short-run marginal costs of production, such that those with the lowest marginal costs are the first ones brought on line to meet demand, and those with the highest are brought on last. The merit-order effect is a shift of market prices along the merit-order or supply curve due to market entry of power stations with lower variable costs (marginal costs). This displaces power stations with the highest production costs from the market (assuming demand is unchanged), and admits lower-priced electricity into the market. MINI-GRIDS. Small electric grids that serve entire communities through distribution networks. Until recently, most mini-grids relied on diesel fuel. Hydro-powered mini-grids are mature technologies, whereas gas-fired generator mini-grids, powered by agricultural waste or biogas, are maturing technologies. The use of inverter-connected mini-grids that incorporate a variety of renewable and other technologies (including battery banks) is developing rapidly. MODERN BIOMASS ENERGY. Energy derived from combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous biomass fuels in efficient small domestic appliances to large-scale industrial conversion plants for modern applications of space heating, electricity generation, combined heat and power, and transport (as opposed to traditional biomass energy). NET METERING. A regulated arrangement in which utility customers who have installed their own generating systems pay only for the net electricity delivered from the utility (total consumption minus on-site self-generation). A variation that employs two meters with differing tariffs for purchasing electricity and exporting excess electricity off-site is called “net billing.” OCEAN ENERGY. Energy captured from ocean waves (generated by wind passing over the surface), tides, currents, salinity gradients, and ocean temperature differences. Wave energy converters capture the energy of surface waves to generate electricity; tidal stream generators use kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines; and tidal barrages are essentially dams that cross tidal estuaries and capture energy as tides flow in and out. PAY-AS-YOU-GO (PAYG) MICRO-PAYMENT SCHEMES. A flexible metering solution that allows consumers to acquire modern energy on an installment basis and to purchase varying amounts of energy credit using a mobile phone’s short message service. After a small down-payment, customers decide how much energy credit to buy and continue to buy more depending on their needs. POWER. The rate at which energy is converted per unit of time, expressed in Watts (Joules/second). PRIMARY ENERGY. The theoretically available energy content of a naturally occurring energy source (such as coal, oil, natural gas, uranium ore, geothermal and biomass energy, etc.) before it undergoes conversion to useful final energy delivered to the end-user. Conversion of primary energy into other forms of useful final energy (such as electricity and fuels) entails losses. Some primary energy is consumed at the end-user level as final energy without any prior conversion. PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT. A taxation measure that provides the investor or owner of a qualifying property or facility with an annual tax credit based on the amount of renewable energy (electricity, heat, or biofuel) generated by that facility. PUBLIC COMPETITIVE BIDDING (ALSO CALLED AUCTION OR TENDER). A procurement mechanism by which public authorities solicit bids for a given amount of renewable energy supply or capacity, generally based on price. Sellers offer the lowest price that they would be willing to accept, but typically at prices above standard market levels. PUMPED-STORAGE HYDROPOWER. Plants that pump water from a lower reservoir to a higher storage basin using surplus electricity, and that reverse the flow to generate electricity when needed. They are not energy sources but means of energy storage and can have overall system efficiencies of around 80–90%. REGULATORY POLICY. A rule to guide or control the conduct of those to whom it applies. In the renewable energy context, examples include mandates or quotas such as renewable portfolio standards, feed-in tariffs, biofuel blending mandates, and renewable heat obligations. RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE (REC). A certificate awarded to certify the generation of one unit of renewable energy (typically 1 MWh of electricity but also less commonly of heat). In systems based on RECs, certificates can be accumulated to meet renewable energy obligations and also provide a tool for trading among consumers and/or producers. They also are a means of enabling purchases of voluntary green energy. RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET. An official commitment, plan, or goal set by a government (at the local, state, national, or regional level) to achieve a certain amount of renewable energy by a future date. Some targets are legislated while others are set by regulatory agencies or ministries. RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD (RPS). An obligation placed by a government on a utility company, group of companies, or consumers to provide or use a predetermined minimum renewable share of installed capacity, or of electricity or heat generated or sold. A penalty may or may not exist for non- compliance. These policies are also known as “renewable electricity standards,” “renewable obligations,” and “mandated market shares,” depending on the jurisdiction. 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