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4. GEOTHERMAL HEAT AND HEAT PUMPS Starting with GSR 2014, ground-source (geothermal) heat pump capacity and output is not included in the section on geothermal energy. Ground-source, air-source (aerothermal), and water- source (hydrothermal) heat pumps are all discussed in Sidebar 4. Consequently, estimates of geothermal heat capacity and utilisation provided in the geothermal section are lower than in some previous editions. This change is also reflected in Figure 1, although the scale of the change relative to other technologies is so small that it does not affect the figure. This adjustment was made for several reasons: 1) ground-source heat pumps are but one of three categories of heat pumps, differentiated only by their source/sink, and should be covered along with other types; 2) data are severely lacking on global installed heat pump capacity and output; and 3) although a common methodology on defining the renewable component of heat pump output has been formulated in Europe, uncertainty about specific technology and operating efficiencies globally make the data on heat-pump derived/enabled renewable energy output even murkier. (See Sidebar 4.) 5. HYDROPOWER DATA REVISION AND TREATMENT OF PUMPED STORAGE The GSR 2013 reported a global total of 990 GW at the end of 2012. This figure has been revised downward in this edition by 30 GW, due primarily to the availability of improved data. The reduction also reflects further removal of capacity that has been identified as pure pumped storage (see below). The adjustment to global hydropower capacity also affects reported total global renewable power capacity relative to previous editions of the GSR and, thus, such data should not be compared directly with statistics in previous editions. (Note, however, that historical capacity data in the Renewable Energy Indicators Table on page 15 account for this change.) For future editions of the GSR, ongoing efforts are being made to further improve data. Moreover, starting with the 2012 edition, the GSR has attempted to report hydropower generating capacity without including pure pumped storage capacity (the capacity used solely for shifting water between reservoirs for storage purposes). The distinction is made because pumped storage is not an energy supply source but rather a means of energy storage. It involves conversion losses and is potentially fed by all forms of electricity, renewable and non- renewable. However, some conventional hydropower facilities do have pumping capability that is not separate from, or additional to, their normal generating capability. It is the aim of the GSR to distinguish and separate only the pure (or incremental) pumped storage component. (As noted in Sidebar 3 of GSR 2013, pumped storage can play an important role as balancing power in a grid system, particularly where a large share of variable renewable resources appears in the generation mix.) This method of accounting is accepted practice by the industry. The International Hydropower Association is working to track and report pure pumped storage numbers separately. In addition, several countries report data for pumped storage separately from data for conventional hydropower and other renew¬ables. 6. SOLAR THERMAL HEAT DATA Starting with this edition, the GSR includes all solar thermal collectors that use water as the heat-transfer medium (or heat carrier) in global capacity data and ranking of top 12 countries. Previous GSRs focussed primarily on glazed water collectors (both flat plate and evacuated tube); this edition also includes unglazed water collectors, which are used predominantly for swimming pool heating, in data throughout. This change affects reported global capacity data, as well as the rankings of top countries, relative to previous GSR editions. Most countries that report data for solar water collectors gather information on glazed collectors only. Furthermore, glazed water collectors represent more than 90% of cumulative global installed solar thermal capacity, and more than 95% of newly installed capacity. Thus, past GSRs focussed primarily on glazed water collectors to avoid mixing countries that have detailed data across all collectors with those that do not. However, because most of the largest markets for unglazed water collectors now gather data on this collector type, and data are improving elsewhere, unglazed collectors are covered more fully starting with GSR 2014. Note that data for solar air collectors (solar thermal collectors that use air as the heat carrier) are far more uncertain, and these collector types play a minor role in the market overall. Solar thermal air collectors are included where specified. Concentrating solar thermal systems used for industrial processes, or to drive double- or triple-stage absorption chillers, are included in the section Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling. These systems—including parabolic trough, dish, and Fresnel collectors—are smaller than their concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) relatives, and are adapted to provide high- temperature heat (typically 120–250 °C, and up to 400 °C) that is not used to generate electricity. 7. OTHER Editorial content of this report closed by 17 May 2014 for technology data, and by 1 May for other content. All exchange rates in this report are as of 31 December 2013, and are calculated using the OANDA currency converter (http:// www.oanda.com/currency/converter/). RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 207 NPDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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