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ENDNOTES 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE 192 per International Energy Agency (IEA) Lessons from Liberalised Electricity Markets (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/ IEA, 2005), http://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/LessonsNet.pdf, “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros,” The Economist, October 2013, http:// www.economist.com/news/briefing/21587782-europes- electricity-providers-face-existential-threat-how-lose-half- trillion-euros?frsc=dg%7Cb, and U.S. Electric Power Research Institute, The Integrated Grid: Realizing the Full Value of Central and Distributed Energy Resources (Palo Alto, CA: February 2014). http://www.eei.org/ourissues/finance/documents/ disruptivechallenges.pdf; reduced load on transmission and distribution networks from Scott Sklar, Stella Group, Ltd., personal communication with REN21, 24 April 2014, and from Rocky Mountain Institute, A Review of Solar PV Benefit and Cost Studies (Boulder, CO: April 2013), http://www.rmi.org/Content/Files/ eLab-DER_cost_value_Deck_130722.pdf; challenges facing utilities from “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros,” op. cit. this note, and from EEI, op. cit. this note; European utility losses from “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros,” op. cit. this note; Citi Research, “Rising Sun: Implications for US Utilities” (New York: August 2013); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes, German Renewable Energies Federation (BEE), personal communication with REN21, 12 January 2014; Ross McCracken, “Energy Economist: Tough Times for European Utilities May Have a Lesson for the US,” Platts, 22 November 2013, http://blogs.platts.com/2013/11/22/ ee-nov13/?sf1076174=1; Amory Lovins, “Don’t Cry for the Electric Utilities,” GreenBiz.com, 12 February 2014, http://www.greenbiz. com/blog/2014/02/12/dont-lament-renewables-disruption- electric-utilities?page=full; Giles Parkinson, “Australian Utilities Erect Barricades in Bid to Halt Solar Storm,” Renew Economy, 23 October 2013, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/australian- utilities-erect-barricades-in-bid-to-halt-solar-storm-91715; pushback in Europe from Hinrichs-Rahlwes, op. cit. this note; Marc Gunther, “With Rooftop Solar on Rise, U.S. Utilities Are Striking Back,” Yale Environment360, 3 September 2013, http:// e360.yale.edu/feature/with_rooftop_solar_on_rise_us_utilities_ are_striking_back/2687/; shift in electricity models and 3 million households from EURELECTRIC, Utilities: Powerhouses of Innovation (Brussels: May 2013), p. 9, http://www.eurelectric.org/ media/79178/utilties_powerhouse_of_innovation_full_report_ final-2013-104-0001-01-e.pdf; Germany from German Chamber of Commerce and Industry, cited in Jan Hromadko, “German Companies Take Back the Power,” Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014240527 02304899704579390871434033460?mg=reno64-wsj&url; Germany’s RWE has begun developing utility-scale PV projects, and E.ON’s subsidiaries started commercial operation for rooftop PV customers in 2013; EDF (France) is investing in solar PV, and Enel Green Power (Italy) has been developing renewable power projects internationally while cooperating with technology companies on the production of amorphous silicon PV modules, all from IEA-Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS), Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2013: Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2012 (Paris: 2013), p. 72; global survey from Katherine Tweed, “40 Percent of Utilities Predict ‘Complete Transformation’ by 2030,” Green Tech Media, 8 October 2013, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/40- Percent-of-Utilities-Predict-Complete-Transformation-by-2030; EnBW quote from Stephen Lacey, “This Is What the Utility Death Spiral Looks Like,” The Energy Collective, 6 March 2014, http:// theenergycollective.com/stephenlacey/349671/what-utility- death-spiral-looks; incresed investment in renewables from “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros,” op. cit. this note, and from Gunther, op. cit. this note; share of utility investments in Europe from EURELECTRIC, op. cit. this note; Sumit Moitra, “Coal India Gets Into Solar Power,” DNA India, 27 May 2013, http://www.dnaindia. com/money/report-coal-india-gets-into-solar-power-1839903; examples of downstream activities include trading, and providing energy advice, from “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros,” op. cit. this note, and from Gunther, op. cit. this note; Duke Energy and Edison International have invested in Clean Power Finance, a San Francisco-based firm that has raised half a billion dollars to finance solar projects. Also, NRG Energy (New Jersey) created a rooftop solar unit to sell systems to businesses and, eventually, homeowners, per Gunther, op. cit. this note. In addition, through its Solar Loan Programme (established in 2008), PSE&G of New Jersey has provided loans to more than 1,000 residential and commercial customers to help finance solar projects on their sites. The next phase of the programme, launched in 2013, will support the financing of 97.5 MW of distributed solar built on landfills and brownfields, and also residential and commercial buildings, per Nora Caley, “Some Utilities Embrace DG Solar,” Solar Industry Magazine, February 2014, http://www. solarindustrymag.com/issues/SI1402/DEPT_New%20%26%20 Noteworthy.html; shift to service-based model from “Electricity Utilities Must Evolve or Die: Are They Up To the Task?” 19 August 2013, http://theenergycollective.com/jessejenkins/261506/ electricity-utilities-must-evolve-or-die, and from EURELECTRIC, op. cit. this note; RWE and EnBW from Lacey, op. cit. this note, from Diarmaid Williams, “Major European Utility Set for Dramatic Renewable Energy Transformation,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 31 October 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/10/major-european-utility-set-for-dramatic- transformation?cmpid=SolarNL-Saturday-November2-2013, and from “Green Makeover Will Be Struggle for Germany’s RWE,” Reuters, 1 November 2013, http://planetark.org/wen/70238; hybrid model from Bianca Barth, Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V., personal communication with REN21, 23 April 2014; need for policy framework from EURELECTRIC, op. cit. this note, p. 49; design reforms from GTM Research, Grid Edge: Utility Modernization in the Age of Distributed Generation (Boston: October 2013); U.K. pricing scheme from Australian Government, Department of Industry, Energy White Paper 2014, 7 February 2014, http://ewp.industry.gov.au/sites/ewp.industry.gov.au/files/ CCCLM%20Energy%20White%20Paper%20-%20Issues%20 Paper%20070214.pdf; California from Sklar, op. cit. this note; capacity markets and new market designs from Felix Matthes, et al, “Focused Capacity Markets: A New Market Design for the Transition to a New Energy System,” short version of the study for the WWF Germany Environmental Foundation, 8 October 2012, http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/ focused_capacity_market_ENG_short.pdf, from Freyr Sverrisson, Sunna Research, personal communication with REN21, 28 April 2014, from Craig Morris, “Has the Age of Capacity Markets Only Just Begun?” Energy Transition, 29 May 2013, http:// energytransition.de/2013/05/the-age-of-capacity-markets/, and from EURELECTRIC, op. cit. this note. 100 Ann Koh and Winnie Zhu, “Singapore Plans to Regulate Power Futures to Prevent Speculation,” Bloomberg Businessweek, 28 October 2013, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013- 10-28/singapore-plans-to-regulate-power-futures-to-prevent- speculation; Feng Zengkun and Grace Chua, “The Straits Times: Plan to boost solar power without destabilizing grid,” Singapore National Climate Change Secretariat, 29 October 2013, http://app. nccs.gov.sg/(X(1)S(150a3o45ym3sv1n3rifuj5bi))/news_details. aspx?nid=1101&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 . 101 “China Encourages Utility Purchase of Solar to Boos Manufacturing Capacity,” Renewable Energy World, 11 December 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/12/china-encourages-utility-purchase-of-solar- to-boost-manufacturing-capacity?cmpid=SolarNL-Thursday- December12-2013. 102 GWEC, op. cit. note 12. 103 Jennifer Runyon, “Spurred by Japan, Steady Growth Predicted for Energy Storage Market,” Renewable Energy World, 19 March 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2014/03/spurred-by-japan-steady-growth-predicted- energy-storage-market. 104 James Montgomery, “Energy Storage Roundup: Ontario and California, Imergy, Stem, Hitachi,” Renewable Energy World, 5 December 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/12/energy-storage-roundup-ontario-and- california-imergy-stem-hitachi. 105 Photon, “Puerto Rico’s energy regulator signs final PPAs for six large-scale PV projects,” 23 January 2014, http://www. photon.info/photon_news_detail_en.photon?id=83685; 25X25, “California Finalizes Major Rule to Mandate Energy Storage, Boosting Renewables,” in Weekly REsource for 18 October 2013, http://www.25x25.org/index. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=246. 106 Jeff St. John, “Massachusetts Makes Smart Grid Mandatory,” GreenTech Media, 31 December 2013, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/massachusetts-makes- smart-grid-mandatory. 107 Jenny Muirhead, “Weekly Intelligence Brief: October 14-21,” CSP Today, 21 October 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/print/29790. 108 GWEC, op. cit. note 12. 109 “President Obama Signs Groundbreaking Legislation to Expand U.S. Hydropower Production,” GreenTech Media, 12 AugustPDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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