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based on the following: typical global costs based on EUR 1,000–1,500 per kW (converted using EUR 1 = USD 1.3) from Masson, April 2013, op. cit. this note; United States, China, Germany, Japan, and India from Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014; LCOE based on the following: OECD and non-OECD cost ranges are 2013 USD, with 7% discount rate, from IRENA Renewable Cost Database, op. cit. this note and from Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014; Europe based on LCOE in the range of EUR 0.11–0.26/kWh (using exchange rate of EUR 1 = USD 1.3) for ground-mounted systems in the south and north of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, from EPIA database, provided by Masson, op. cit. this note. Note that the LCOE in Thailand is estimated to be in the range of USD 0.15– 0.18/kWh, based on input from project developers and from former Thai Minister of Energy Piyasvasti Amranand, per Chris Greacen, Palang Thai, personal communication with REN21, April 2013. While PV module prices are global, balance of system costs are much more local. Also, note that prices have been changing rapidly. CSP: Characteristics including plant sizes from European Solar Thermal Electricity Association (ESTELA), personal communication with REN21, 22 March 2012 and 24 January 2013; from Protermosolar, the Spanish Solar Thermal Electricity Industry Association, April 2012; and based on parabolic trough plants that are typically in the range of 50–200 MW; tower 20–70 MW; and Linear Fresnel in the range of 1–50 MW, per Bank Sarasin, Solar Industry: Survival of the Fittest in the Fiercely Competitive Marketplace (Basel, Switzerland: November 2011). Note that multiple systems can be combined for higher-capacity plants. Capacity factors based on ESTELA, op. cit. this note, and on Michael Mendelsohn, Travis Lowder, and Brendan Canavan, Utility-Scale Concentrating Solar Power and Photovoltaics Projects: A Technology and Market Overview (Golden, CO: U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), April 2012), http://www. nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51137.pdf; on 20–28% capacity factor for plants without storage and 40–50% for plants with 6–7.5 hours storage, from U.S. Department of Energy, SunShot Vision Study, prepared by NREL (Golden, CO: February 2012), p. 105, http:// energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/01/f7/47927.pdf; on 20–30% for parabolic trough plants without storage and 40% to as high as 80% for tower plants with 6–15 hours of storage, from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, p. 19; and on the capacity factor of parabolic trough plants with six hours of storage, in conditions typical of the U.S. Southwest estimated to be 35–42%, per Edenhofer et al., op. cit. this note, pp. 1,004, 1,006. Note that the Gemasolar plant, which began operation in Spain in 2011, has storage for up to 15 hours, per Torresol Energy, “Gemasol,” www.torresolenergy.com/ TORRESOL/gemasolar-plant/en. Capital costs based on: U.S. parabolic trough and tower plants without storage in the range of USD 4,000–6,000/kW, and trough and towers with storage in the range of USD 7,000–10,000/kW, from U.S. Department of Energy, Loans Programs Office, www.lgprogram.energy.gov, provided by Fred Morse, Abengoa Solar, personal communication with REN21, April 2013; U.S. tower plants at USD 5,600/kW without storage and USD 9,000/kW with storage from Lazard, “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis – Version 7.0,” (New Orleans, LA: August 2013); and on parabolic trough plants with storage capital costs of USD 4,700–7,300/kW in OECD countries, and 3,100–4,050/kW in non-OECD (based on costs of five projects), and costs with storage all from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, pp. 19, 59–60; and on range of about 3,900–8,000/ kW from IEA, Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2013 (Paris: OECD/ IEA, 2013), http://www.iea.org/publications/tcep_web.pdf. LCOE estimates for trough and fresnel plants come from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, p. 65. LCOE for tower plants from Lazard, op. cit. this note. Wind power: Characteristics based on the following: turbine sizes from JRC, 2011 Technology Map..., op. cit. this note; on- and offshore capacity factors from Edenhofer et al., op. cit. this note, p. 1005; and from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, p. 36. Note that weighted average capacity factors range from around 25% for China to an average 33% in the United States (with a range of 18–53%); ranges in Africa and Latin America are similar to the United States, whereas ranges in Europe are closer to China. Curtailments in China due to grid constraints put the average capacity factor for dispatched generation closer to 20%, all from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, p. 36. Capital costs for onshore wind from Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014; from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, pp. 18, 32–37; from Navigant’s BTM Consult, International Wind Energy Development: World Market Update 2012 (Copenhagen: 2013); and on a range of about USD 1,250–2,300/kW from IEA, Tracking Clean Energy..., op. cit. this note. LCOE for onshore wind assume 7% discount rate and are from IRENA Renewable Cost Database, 2014, and from Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014; also based on range of USD 0.04–0.16 U.S. cents/kWh from IEA, Deploying Renewables: Best and Future Policy Practice (Paris: 2011), http://www.iea.org/ publications/freepublications/publication/Deploying_ Renewables2011.pdf; additional input from Steve Sawyer, Global Wind Energy Council, personal communication with REN21, April 2014. Note that the lowest-capital cost onshore wind projects have been installed in China; higher costs have been experienced in Europe and the United States. Offshore capital from Taylor, op. cit. this note, 2014; on Navigant’s BTM Consult, op. cit. this note; and on range of USD 3,000–6,000/kW from IEA, Tracking Clean Energy..., op. cit. this note. Offshore LCOE based on USD 0.15–0.17 assuming a 45% capacity factor, USD 0.035/kWh operations and maintenance cost, and 10% cost of capital, and on USD 0.14-0.15/kWh assuming a 50% capacity factor, from IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012..., op. cit. this note, p. 38; also from the low LCOE for offshore wind in the OECD is about USD 0.15/kWh and the high is USD 0.23/kWh, assuming a 7% discount rate, per idem, p. 37; IRENA Renewable Cost Database, 2013, and from Taylor, op. cit. this note, May 2013. Small-scale wind capital costs ranged from USD 2,300–10,000/kW in the United States in 2011, with an average installed cost of USD 6,040/kW; this represented an increase of 11% over 2010. All capital cost data from Stefan Gsänger and Jean Pitteloud, Small Wind World Report 2014 (Bonn: World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) and New Energy Husum, March 2014), Executive Summary, http://small-wind.org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/03/2014_SWWR_summary_web.pdf. All small-scale LCOE wind data from WWEA, 2012 Small Wind World Report (Bonn: March 2012), http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/ WWEA%20Small%20Wind%20World%20Report%20 Summary%202012.pdf. Note that in 2011, installed costs of the top 10 small wind turbine models in the United States were in the range of USD 2,300–10,000/kW in 2011, and the average installed cost of all small-scale wind turbines was USD 6,040/kW; in China, the average was USD 1,900/kW, per WWEA, Small Wind World Report 2013 (Bonn: March 2013), http://www.wwindea.org/ webimages/SWWR_summary.pdf]]. HEAT AND COOLING SECTOR Biomass heat: Cost variations between heat plants are wide for reasons similar to those listed above for bio-power. Further details can be found at: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoff e.V. (FNR), “Faustzahlen Biogas,” www.biogasportal.info/daten-und- fakten/faustzahlen/, viewed May 2013; and Pellet Fuels Institute, “Compare Fuel Costs,” http://pelletheat.org/pellets/compare-fuel- costs/, viewed May 2013. Bioenergy CHP includes small-scale biogas engine generating sets and biomass medium-scale steam turbines. Data converted using USD 1 GJ = 0.36 U.S. cents/kWh. Top of range for capital cost of USD 1,500 from Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014. Geothermal heat: Geothermal space heating from Edenhofer et al., op. cit. this note, pp. 427 and 1,010–11 (converted from USD 2005 to 2012), assuming 7% discount rate, and using USD 1 GJ = 0.36 U.S. cents/kWh. Also, for building heating, assumptions included a load factor of 25–30%, and a lifetime of 20 years; and for district heating, the same load factor, a lifetime of 25 years, and transmission and distribution costs are not included. For ground-source heat pumps, IPCC shows capital costs of USD (2012) 1,095–4,370/kW, and USD 20–65/GJ assuming 25–30% as the load factor and 20 years as the operational lifetime. In 2011, IEA indicated a range of USD 439–4,000/kW based on 2007 data and operating efficiency of 250–500% (COP of 2.5–5.0), from IEA, Technology Roadmap Energy – Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2011), Table 5, http://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/buildings_roadmap.pdf. For 2013, the upper end of the range for capital cost has been reduced to USD 2,250 and the LCOE has been adjusted accordingly, based on input from Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014; It is worth taking into account that actual LCOH are influenced by electricity market prices. Drilling costs are included for commercial and institutional installations, but not for residential installations. Solar thermal heating: Solar heating plant sizes and efficiency rates for hot water systems and combi systems, based on 2007 data, from IEA, Technology Roadmap..., op. cit. this note, pp. 12–13, and district heat plant sizes from Werner Weiss, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE-INTEC), Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communication with REN21, April 2012. Capital costs for RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 185 02PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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