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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – WIND POWER 182 bnef.com/2013/02/07/renewable-energy-now-cheaper-than- new-fossil-fuels-in-australia/; the best wind projects in India can generate power and the same costs as coal-fired power plants and cheaper in some locations, per Ravi Kailas, CEO of India’s third-largest wind farm developer, cited in Natalie Obiko Pearson, “Wind Installations ‘Falling Off a Cliff’ in India,” Bloomberg, 26 November 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2012/11/wind-installations-falling-off-a-cliff-in-india; cheaper in some locations from Greenko Group Plc, cited in Natalie Obiko Pearson, “In Parts of India, Wind Energy Proving Cheaper Than Coal,” Bloomberg, 18 July 2012, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/07/in-parts- of-india-wind-energy-proving-cheaper-than-coal; a 2012 study concluded that, although wind power has higher upfront costs in EUR/MWh than natural gas, the net cost of wind is lower than that of combined-cycle gas turbines, per Ernst & Young, “Analysis of the value creation potential of wind energy policies,” July 2012, http://www.ey.com; in Brazil, wind was excluded from the A-5 auction because it was too cheap; in the wind-only auction, the average contract price was USD 45/MWh, from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 28 August 2013; bid prices in South Africa’s national tender in late 2013 were around USD 70/MWh, or about 30% below that of new coal plants under construction there with World Bank support, from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 13 November 2013 and 15 January 2014; many countries in the European Union from Stefan Gsänger, WWEA, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014; United States from Michael Taylor, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), personal communication with REN21, April 2013; several U.S. utilities signed contracts for more wind capacity than previously planned because of low prices (as low as USD 25/MWh in some locations), from Christopher Martin, “US Wind Power Slumps in 2013 After Tax Credit Drives 2012 Boom,” Bloomberg, 1 November 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/u-s-wind- power-slumps-in-2013-after-tax-credit-drives-2012-boom; James Montgomery, “Updated: Massachusetts Utilities Sign PPA for Wind Energy that is Cheaper than Coal,” Renewable Energy World, 24 September 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/09/massachusetts-utilities-pool-for-cheaper- wind-energy-supply; utilities included American Electric Power’s Public Service Company of Oklahoma, Xcel Energy, Detroit Edison, Austin Energy, Omaha Public Power District, from AWEA, “Wind Power’s Growth Continues to Attract Investment, Benefit Consumers and Local Economies,” press release (Washington, DC: 31 October 2013), http://www.awea.org/MediaCenter/ pressrelease.aspx?ItemNumber=5775. See also Ryan Wiser et al., 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, August 2013), Executive Summary, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/2012_annual_wind_ market_report.pdf. Investment costs for offshore wind remain two to three times higher than those for onshore wind, from IEA, op. cit. note 64, p. 15. 76 Over the five-year period from Q2 2009 to Q1 2014, from Frankfurt School–UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance (FS-UNEP Centre) and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2014 (Frankfurt: 2014), pp. 36–37. Offshore costs have risen 41%/MWh over this period as projects have moved to deeper water farther from shore, and pressure has increased on supply of installation vessels, cables, and other items. Note that, in the United States, onshore generating costs declined 43% between 2009 and 2012, per AWEA, AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2013 Market Report, op. cit. note 38, p. 4. 77 Li Yan, “China Wind Power 2013: Market Growth Stable, Faces Grid Shortage,” ecns.cn, 18 October 2013, http://www.ecns. cn/2013/10-18/84917.shtml; EurObserv’ER, Wind Power Barometer (Paris: February 2013), p. 61, http://www.energies- renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jde12.pdf; James Lawson, “Keeping Wind Competitive: Manufacturing Ups its Game,” Renewable Energy World, March-April 2013, p. 19; Christopher Martin, “Shale Gas Boom Leaves Wind Companies Seeking More Subsidy,” Bloomberg.com, 7 April 2014, http:// www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-06/shale-gas-boom-leaves- wind-companies-seeking-more-subsidy.html. 78 Bard from EurObserv’ER, op. cit. note 1, pp. 9, 11; Fuhrländer from Gsänger, op. cit. note 75; Vestas from BNEF, “Vestas Sees Winds of Change, as UK Aims for Greener Biomass and California CO2 Sells Out,” Energy: Week in Review, 20–26 August 2013. 79 Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1. 80 Factory closures and layoffs from Wiser et al., op. cit. note 75; from Sawyer, op. cit. note 2; and from Jennifer Runyon, “Nordex Announces Closure of US Wind Power Manufacturing Plant,” Renewable Energy World, 28 June 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/06/ nordex-announces-closure-of-us-wind-power-manufacturing- plant; ramped up from AWEA, “American Wind Power See Unprecedented Growth Entering 2014,” press release (Washington, DC: 30 January 2014), http://www.awea. org/MediaCenter/pressrelease.aspx?ItemNumber=6044; manufacturing from Elizabeth Salerno, AWEA, “Fact Check: IER Finds it Hard to Kick Habit of Attacking Wind Power,” Renewable Energy World, 9 December 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/12/fact- check-ier-finds-it-hard-to-kick-habit-of-attacking-wind-power. 81 Natalie Obiko Pearson, “India’s Currency Plunge Derailing its $1.6 Billion Wind Industry,” Bloomberg, 3 September 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/09/rupee-derailing-1-6-billion-india-wind- farm-revival; BNEF, “Europe Skirmishes With America on Airline Emissions, and With China on Solar,” Energy: Week in Review, 18–24 September 2012; Natalie Obiko Pearson and Anurag Joshi, “Wind Turbine Manufacturer Suzlon to Default on Bond Debt,” Bloomberg, 11 October 2012, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/10/ wind-turbine-manufacturer-suzlon-set-to-default-on-bond-debt. 82 In Latin America, for example, wind power projects are being delayed due to lack of grid infrastructure, from Gonzalo Bravo, Fundación Bariloche, personal communication with REN21, 14 January 2014; grid connection remains a major challenge for offshore wind, particularly off Germany’s coast, where 43% of the turbines installed in 2013 (or nearly 395 MW) lacked grid connection by year’s end, from B. Neddermann, “German Offshore Market Growing Despite Problems with Grid Connection,” DEWI Magazin, February 2014, p. 55, http://www.dewi.de/dewi/ fileadmin/pdf/publications/Magazin_44/09.pdf, and from Ender, op. cit. note 21, p. 42; an issue formerly seen in the developing world/emerging markets of Latin America and China, is now seen in the established market of Germany, where electricity is re-routed through Poland and the Czech Republic, from Aris Karcanias, FTI Consulting, personal communication with REN21, 14 April 2014; curtailment and inability to integrate in several countries, including China and India, from Shukla, op. cit. note 19, and from Klaus Rave, GWEC Chairman, “Get Connected!” Editorial, in GWEC Newsletter, 12 November 2013, http://www.gwec.net/get-connected/. 83 Oscar Fitch-Roy et al., Workers Wanted: The EU Wind Energy Sector Skills Gap (Brussels: European Wind Energy Technology Platform, August 2013), http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/ library/publications/reports/Workers_Wanted_TPwind.pdf; Electricity Human Resources Canada, Renewing Futures: Powerful HR Solutions for the Renewable Energy Workforce, cited in Michael Copley, “Canada Faces Labor Shortfall for Renewable Energy Expansion, Report Finds,” SNL Financial, 5 March 2014, http:// www.snl.com/Interactivex/article.aspx?CdId=A-27145217-13868; Shukla, op. cit. note 19; Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1. Sidebar 6 and Table 1 based on the following sources: from IRENA, Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2014 (Abu Dhabi: 2014), http://www.irena.org/Publications/rejobs- annual-review-2014.pdf; IRENA, Renewable Energy and Jobs (Abu Dhabi: 2013), http://www.irena.org/rejobs.pdf; Brazil from MTE/RAIS (Ministry of Labor and Employment/ Annual Report of Social Information), “Annual List of Social Information Database: including active and inactive employments for sugarcane cultivation and alcohol manufacture,” http://portal.mte.gov.br/rais/ estatisticas.htm, viewed March 2014; U.K. from renewableUK, Working for a Green Britain and Northern Ireland 2013-23. Employment in the UK Wind & Marine Energy Industries (Solihull, U.K.: September, 2013), http://www.renewableuk.com/download. cfm/docid/82BF89A1-9EA2-4D77-8E9B1B986BE8B727; India from K. Ganesan et al., “IISD GSI Project: Assessing Green Industrial Policy – India Case Studies” (New Delhi: CEEW, forthcoming 2014). 84 IEA, op. cit. note 64, p. 10; Japan from Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1. China was home to 8 of the top 15 manufacturers, from idem. 85 IEA, op. cit. note 64, p. 11. See also GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 40. Turbine manufacturers are located in many other countries as well. For example, in 2013 Argentinean firm IMPSA sold 574MW to the Brazilian market, from Gonzalo Bravo, Fundación Bariloche,PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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