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2012 led to a rush of installations at year’s end. The U.K. installed 37 MW during 2012 and ended the year with 87.3 MW, per Gsänger and Pitteloud, op. cit. note 60. Several other countries also have small-scale wind specific tariff pricing under FITs, including Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Israel, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, and Switzerland, as well as Ontario and Nova Scotia in Canada, and the U.S. states of Indiana, Hawaii and Vermont, per idem. 63 Gsänger and Pitteloud, op. cit. note 60. 64 International Energy Agency (IEA), Technology Roadmap – Wind Energy, 2013 Edition (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2013), p. 10; James Lawson, “Repowering Gives New Life to Old Wind Sites,” Renewable Energy World, 17 June 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/06/ repowering-gives-new-life-to-old-wind-sites; B. Neddermann, “Status of Repowering in 2013,” DEWI Magazin, February 2014, p. 47, http://www.dewi.de/dewi/fileadmin/pdf/publications/ Magazin_44/08.pdf. Sidebar 5 from the following sources: lifecycle carbon dioxide emissions from Union of Concerned Scientists, “Environmental Impacts of Wind Power,” 3 May 2013, www.ucsusa.org; offshore marine impacts from U.K. Maritime and Coastguard Agency, “Offshore Renewable Energy Installations: Impact on Shipping,” http://www.gov.uk, and from M.L. Johnson and D.P. Rodmell, “Fisheries, the Environment and Offshore Wind Farms: Location, Location, Location,” Food Ethics, vol. 4, no. 1 (2009), pp. 23–24; public health effects from Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), “NHMRC Public Statement: Wind Turbines & Health,” July 2010, http:// www.nhmrc.gov.au; claims unsupported from Emma Fitzpatrick, “Acoustics Group Says Wind Turbine Infrasound Less than a Heart-beat,” 16 September 2013, http://reneweconomy.com. au, and from NHMRC, op. cit. this note; innovation in turbine blades and reduced noise generation from Z. Casey, “Wind Farms: A Noisy Neighbour?” Wind Directions (EWIA), February 2013, and from T. Evans, “Macarthur Wind Farm, Infrasound & Low Frequency Noise, Operational Monitoring Results,” 18 July 2013, http://www.agl.com.au; offshore noise reduction from German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BFN), Development of Noise Mitigation Measures in Offshore Wind Farm Construction 2013 (Bonn: February 2013), and from German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Innovation Through Research: 2012 Annual Report on Research Funding in the Renewable Energies Sector (Bonn: July 2013); radar or GPS systems from M. Chediak, “Texas Gulf Coast Beckons Wind Farms,” Bloomberg, 11 October 2013, http:// www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-10/gulf-coast-beckons- wind-farms-when-west-texas-gusts-fade.html, and from R. Drouin, “8 Ways Wind Power Companies Are Trying to Stop Killing Birds and Bats,” 6 January 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/ environment/2014/01/birds-bats-wind-turbines-deadly-collisions; ultrasonic noise from idem; idling and bat fatalities from American Wind Wildlife Institute, “Wind Turbine Interactions with Wildlife and their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions,” fact sheet (Washington, DC: January 2014); other areas under investigation from Drouin, op. cit. this note; land use impacts from P. Denholm et al., Land-use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009); rare earths from REN21, Renewables 2011 Global Status Report (Paris: 2011); best practice guidelines from, for example, Canadian Wind Energy Association, Wind Energy Development Best Practices for Community Engagement and Public Consultation (Ottawa: undated), and from WindProtocol, The Protocol for Public Engagement with Proposed Wind Energy Developments in England (London: Department of Trade and Industry, May 2007); impact assessments, mitigation, or compensation measures from the following: Martha Ekkert, BMU, personal communication with REN21, 27 January 2014; Victoria Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure, “Wind Energy Facilities,” 18 October 2013, http:// www.dpcd.vic.gov.au; Irish Wind Energy Association, “Planning Regulations and Administration,” 2 September 2008, http://www. iwea.com; A. Campbell, Standard Bank, “Funding Projects in REIPP – lessons learned from BD1,” presentation at PV Project Development Summit South Africa, September 2012; U.K. Department of Energy & Climate Change, “Offshore Wind: Part of the UK’s Energy Mix,” 1 August 2013, https://www.gov.uk/ offshore-wind-part-of-the-uks-energy-mix. 65 Other countries include India, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, from IEA, op. cit. note 64, p. 10; and from Lawson, op. cit. note 64. 66 Denmark replaced 39 units (47 MW), Finland (2 units/2.3 MW), Japan (4 units/2.1 MW), from Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1; Germany replaced 339 turbines (226 MW) with 256 turbines (726 MW), plus removed 34 turbines (10 MW) from single sites, which also qualified for the "repowering bonus", from Neddermann, op. cit. note 64, p. 47. 67 Key markets include Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Vietnam, and several countries in South America, from Lawson, op. cit. note 64. 68 Based on estimated 257 TWh of electricity production in a normal wind year, calculated using average capacity factors on- and offshore, and using Eurostat electricity consumption data for 2011, from EWEA, op. cit. note 16, p. 3. Note that wind power accounted for about 7.2% of Europe’s electricity output (of 3,270 TWh) in 2013, up from 6.2% in 2012 and 1.8% in 2004, per EurObserv’ER, op. cit. note 1, p. 4. Wind’s contribution to EU electricity demand is up from 6.3% at the end of 2011, and 4.8% at the end of 2009, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 22. Note that Portugal met more than 20% of its electricity demand with wind, and Ireland more than 16%, from WWEA, op. cit. note 1; Ireland’s share was up from 12.7% in 2012, from EWEA, Wind in Power: 2012 European Statistics (Brussels: February 2013). 69 In Spain, wind generated 20.9% versus nuclear’s 20.8%, according to an advance report from the system operator Red Eléctrica de España (REE), per Asociación Empresarial Eólica (AEE), “Spain Was in 2013 the First Country Where Wind Energy Was the First Source of Electricity for an Entire Year,” press release (Madrid: 15 January 2014), http://www.aeeolica.org/en/ new/spain-was-in-2013-the-first-country-where-wind-energy- was-the-first-source-of-electricity-for-an-entire-year/; this was up from 16.3% in 2012, per EWEA, op. cit. note 68. Denmark met 33.2% of electricity demand with wind power, based on 11.1 billion kWh of wind power generation in 2013 and 33.5 billion kWh of total electricity consumption, from Vittrup, op. cit. note 25; this was up from 30% in 2012, per GWEC, Global Wind Report – Annual Market Update 2012 (Brussels: April 2013), p. 34. 70 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern had enough wind to meet 65.5% of its electricity demand, followed by Schleswig-Hostein (53%), Sachsen-Anhalt (51.2%), and Brandenburg (50.9%); the next state was Niedersachsen (26.2%), all from Ender, op. cit. note 21, p. 42. Note that wind power supplied about 8% of Germany’s net electricity consumption in 2013, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 52. 71 Figure of 3.5% of U.S. generation in 2012 from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Wind Industry Brings Almost 5,400 MW of Capacity Online in December 2012,” www.eia. gov/electricity/monthly/update/?scr=email, viewed 25 April 2013; 2013 shares from AWEA, “American Wind Power Reaches Major Power Generation Milestones in 2013,” press release (Washington, DC: 5 March 2014), http://www.awea.org/ MediaCenter/pressrelease.aspx?ItemNumber=6184. States generating over 12% of their electricity from wind were Colorado (13.8%), Idaho (16.2%), Iowa (27.4%), Kansas (19.4%), Minnesota (15.7%), North Dakota (15.6%), Oklahoma (14.8%), Oregon (12.4%), and South Dakota (26%), from AWEA, “Wind Energy Generation Records,” http://www.awea.org/generationrecords, viewed 6 March 2014. Wind generated 167,776 MWh of U.S. electricity during 2013, per AWEA, op. cit. note 36. 72 CEC, provided by Shi, op. cit. note 14. 73 The figure 2.9% is an estimate derived for Figure 3 in this report, and is based on end-2013 capacity. See Endnote 39 in Global Market and Industry Overview section for sources and details. In addition, note that the figure of “at least 2.87%”, or 662 TWh is considered a conservative estimate for 2014 based on existing wind capacity at end-2013, from Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1, and is up from at least 2.6% in 2012, from Navigant’s BTM Consult, World Market Update 2012 (Copenhagen: March 2013); wind power generated about 527 TWh in the end of 2012, up from 254 TWh in end of 2008, per IEA, op. cit. note 64, pp. 9–10. Wind power was enough to meet an estimated 4% of world demand, or 640 TWh, from WWEA, op. cit. note 1. Estimated wind shares depend on assumptions about global electricity demand. 74 Sawyer, op. cit. note 1. 75 Sawyer, op. cit. note 34; Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey, and South Africa also from IEA, op. cit. note 64, p. 14. Also, in Australia, unsubsidised renewable energy is now cheaper than electricity from new-build coal- and gas-fired power stations (including cost of emissions under new carbon pricing scheme), per BNEF, “Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia,” 7 February 2013, http://about. RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 181 02PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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