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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – WIND POWER 180 of 6,562 MW in 11 countries, from EWEA, The European Offshore Wind Industry – Key Trends and Statistics 2013 (Brussels: January 2014), p. 5, and from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 55. Of the 1,567 MW added, 72% were in the North Sea, 22% in the Baltic Sea, and 6% in the Atlantic Ocean, from EWEA, op. cit. this note. Europe added 1,772.9 MW offshore for a total of 6,949.2 MW, from EurObserv’ER, op. cit. note 1, p. 4. The difference in year-end data is explained by how sources count newly installed capacity that was not grid-connected at year’s end. 50 EWEA, op. cit. note 49, p. 5, and from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 55. Note that Denmark’s largest offshore wind farm, the 400 MW Anholt wind farm was completed by Dong Energy, from “Denmark: All Turbines at Anholt Offshore Wind Farm Now Operational,” Wind Directions, September 2013, p. 19. Germany had 394.6 MW of offshore capacity awaiting grid connection at year’s end (not included in the 240 MW figure), from B. Neddermann, “German Offshore Market Growing Despite Problems with Grid Connection,” DEWI Magazin, February 2014, p. 55, http://www.dewi.de/dewi/ fileadmin/pdf/publications/Magazin_44/09.pdf. 51 Slowdown due to policy uncertainty from EWEA, op. cit. note 49, p. 19; and from Sarah Azau, “Record Offshore Wind Figures Conceal Slow-down in New Projects,” Renewable Energy World, 29 January 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld. com/rea/blog/post/2014/01/record-offshore-figures-conceal- slow-down-in-new-projects; Justin Wilkes, EWEA, cited in Tildy Bayar, “Europe Doubles Its Offshore Wind Capacity, but Policy Uncertainty Still a Challenge,” Renewable Energy World, 16 July 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/07/europe-doubles-its-offshore-wind-capacity- but-policy-uncertainty-still-a-challenge. Several projects were cancelled due to concerns about challenging offshore conditions and/or projects were deemed to be uneconomic with existing technology, from Karolin Schaps, “Scottish Power Becomes Third Firm to Scrap UK Offshore Wind Farm,” Reuters, 16 December 2013, http://planetark.org/wen/70684; Kelvin Ross, “RWE Scraps Atlantic Array Offshore Wind Farm in UK,” Power Engineering International, 26 November 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/ rwe-scraps-atlantic-array-offshore-wind-farm-in-uk; “RWE Cuts UK Offshore Wind Farm Capacity by Up to Half,” Reuters, 6 January 2014, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/06/ uk-britain-rwe-tritonknoll-idUKBREA050EC20140106; Alex Morales, “Birds, Bombs, Sharks Slow Offshore Wind from UK to Germany,” Bloomberg, 20 February 2014, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/02/ birds-bombs-sharks-slow-offshore-wind-from-uk-to-germany. 52 China added 39 MW for a year-end total of 428.6 MW, of which 300.5 MW is inter-tidal, from CWEA, provided by Shi Pengfei, CWEA, personal communication with REN21, 24 March 2014. No capacity was added in 2013, and China ended the year with 389.6 MW of offshore wind, from WWEA, op. cit. note 1. Japan added 24 MW for a total of 49.7 MW, and South Korea added no capacity and ended the year with 5 MW, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, pp. 55, 56. Japan added a 16 MW near-shore project and South Korea added no new capacity, from Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1; Japan added 2 MW for a total of 27.3 MW, and South Korea added 5 MW for a total of 5 MW, from WWEA, op. cit. note 1; and Japan added 8 MW for a total of 34 MW, from Hironao Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP), Tokyo, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014. Note that several Chinese projects have been delayed over the use of sea areas, from Mao Pengfei, “Analysis: China Approves First Commercial Offshore Projects,” Wind Power Offshore, 4 December 2013, http://www.windpoweroffshore.com/article/1223773/analysis- china-approves-first-commercial-offshore-projects; but almost 5 GW of Chinese projects were approved in 2013, from Sawyer, op. cit. note 2; and more than 1,000 MW of offshore capacity was under construction in China by early 2014, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 56. 53 Cape Wind (Massachusetts) and Deepwater Block Island (Rhode Island) both qualified, from James Montgomery, “Wind Energy 2014 Outlook: Major Markets Recover, Battling Policy and Grid Concerns,” Renewable Energy World, January-February 2014, p. 35; competing to be first in operation, by 2015, from James Montgomery, “First US Offshore Leases Go to Deepwater,” Renewable Energy World, 1 August 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/08/first-us- offshore-wind-leases-go-to-deepwater. In addition, there is a 20 kW machine in U.S. waters, from Shukla, op. cit. note 4, 26 March 2014. 54 See, for example, Honda, “Honda Begins Construction of the First Wind Farm by an Automaker in Brazil,” press release (São Paulo: 29 October 2013), http://world.honda.com/news/2013/ c131029First-Wind-Farm-Brazil/index.html; Louise Downing, “Ikea to Buy Wind Farm in Ireland from Mainstream Renewable,” Bloomberg, 12 August 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/ news/2013-08-12/ikea-to-buy-wind-farm-in-ireland-from- mainstream-renewable.html; Jeff Anthony, “Utilities’ Appetite for Wind Energy Continues to Grow,” Renew-grid.com, 10 June 2013, http://www.renew-grid.com/e107_plugins/content/content. php?content.9985. 55 For Australia, see, for example, “Australia’s First Community- Owned Wind Farm in Daylesford,” Castlemaine Independent, 18 October 2013, http://www.castlemaineindependent.org/2013/10/ australias-community-owned-wind-farm-daylesford/; and The Greens, “Unleashing Community-Owned Energy,” http://greens. org.au/community-energy, viewed 3 March 2014; in Canada, for example, the country’s first union-owned and -operated wind turbine came on line, in Ontario (Port Elgin), per Ken Lewenza, President of Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), cited in “CAW Owned and Operated Wind Turbine Begins Operation in Port Elgin, Ontario,” 25 March 2013, http://www.caw.ca/en/12003.htm; Japan from Tetsu Iida, ISEP, Tokyo, personal communication with REN21, 14 January 2014; United States from A.C. Orrell et al., 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applications (Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, August 2013), p. 59; and from Windustry, “Community Wind,” http:// www.windustry.org/community-wind, viewed 3 March 2014. A community project came on line in South Dakota with 600 investors, but it is increasingly difficult to make investment open for “normal investors” in the United States now that the federal cash grant programme has expired, per Brian Minish in interview with John Farrell, “600 Investors in South Dakota’s Premier Community Wind Project,” (podcast) Renewable Energy World, 13 August 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ blog/post/2013/08/600-investors-in-south-dakotas-premier- community-wind-project; Europe from, for example, Energy4All Limited, “Delivering Community-Owned Green Power,” http:// www.energy4all.co.uk/, viewed 3 March 2014, from Richard Cowell, “Community Wind in Europe – Strength in Diversity?” WWEA Quarterly Bulletin, December 2012, pp. 10–15, and from Tildy Bayar, “Community Wind Arrives Stateside,” Renewable Energy World, 5 July 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld. com/rea/news/article/2012/07/community-wind-arrives-stateside. See also “Community Wind Energy,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Community_wind_energy, viewed 3 March 2014. 56 Stefan Gsänger, WWEA, Bonn, personal communication with REN21, 1 April 2013. 57 For example, over a 13-hour period, 1,700 Dutch households bought shares in a wind turbine, to be located in Culemborg, raising USD 1.8 million (EUR 1.3 million) through crowd funding, from Tildy Bayar, “Dutch Wind Turbine Purchase Sets World Crowdfunding Record,” Renewable Energy World, 24 September 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/09/ dutch-wind-turbine-purchase-sets-world-crowdfunding-record. 58 Pike Research, “Small Wind Power,” www.pikeresearch. com/research/small-wind-power, viewed March 2013; WWEA, Small World Wind Power Report 2013 (Bonn: March 2013), Summary, http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/ SWWR_summary.pdf; RenewableUK, Small and Medium Wind UK Market Report (London: October 2013), http:// www.renewableuk.com/en/publications/index.cfm/ Small-and-Medium-Wind-UK-Market-Report-2013. 59 Off-grid from WWEA, op. cit. note 58. 60 Stefan Gsänger and Jean Pitteloud, Small Wind World Report 2014 Update (Bonn: WWEA, March 2014), Summary, http://small-wind. org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014_SWWR_summary_web. pdf. Note that these numbers are based on available data, and the total excludes data for Italy and India, both of which are important markets. WWEA estimates that the actual total is closer to 1 million units worldwide. 61 All information except U.S. capacity data is from Gsänger and Pitteloud, op. cit. note 60; the United States added about 18.4 MW in 2012 (nearly 3,700 turbines) for an estimated 216 MW cumulative installed since 1980, with 131 MW added during 2003–2012, mostly by homeowners, farmers, and other individuals, per Orrell et al., op. cit. note 55, pp. 11, 18, 62. 62 RenewableUK, op. cit. note 58. Note that a tariff degression in latePDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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