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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING 1 Total additions and capacity based on Franz Mauthner, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE-INTEC), Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communication with REN21, March-May 2014, and on Franz Mauthner and Werner Weiss, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2012 (Gleisdorf, Austria: International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC), forthcoming May 2014). The Mauthner and Weiss report covers 58 countries and is assumed to represent 95% of the global market. Data provided were 52.7 GWth added (75.3 million m2) for a total of 269 GWth, which were adjusted upwards to 100% for the GSR to reach 55.4 GWth added (79.2 million m2) and 283.4 GWth total. Note that collector area (and respective capacity) in operation were estimated by Mauthner and Weiss based on official country reports regarding the lifetime basis used; where such reports were not available, a 25-year lifetime was assumed except in the case of China, where the Chinese Solar Thermal Industry Federation (CSTIF) considers lifetime to be below 10 years. Also, note that in 2004 the represented associations from Austria, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States, as well as the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) and the IEA-SHC agreed to use a factor of 0.7 kWth/m2 to derive the nominal capacity from the area of installed collectors; this conversion rate is also used in the GSR. 2 Glazed water collectors accounted for a 96.8% share of the global market in 2012 (unglazed water systems accounted for about 3.0% of the global market in 2012, and glazed and unglazed air systems for less than 0.2%), and global capacity of glazed collectors added in 2012 was 51 GWth, per Mauthner, op. cit. note 1, and Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. The 51 GWth was adjusted upwards by REN21 from an estimated 95% of the global market to 100%, to reach 53.7 GWth. 3 Preliminary estimate from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Note that the estimate does not consider air collectors. 4 Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. Figure 16 based on data from Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1, and from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Global total was adjusted upwards by REN21 from an estimated 95% of the global market to 100%, and this is reflected in shares data. 5 Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. Figure 17 from idem and from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 6 Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 7 Ibid.; Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. Estimates for 2013 are based on available data from Austria, China, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and the United States; data for remaining countries were estimated by Mauthner and Weiss according to their trends for the previous two years; these estimates assume 100% of the global market. Figure 18 based on data from Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1, and from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Data were adjusted upwards by REN21 from an estimated 95% of the global market to 100%. 8 Ibid. 9 Based on installations of an estimated 66 million m2, from Hu Runquing, CSTIF, data provided by Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 10 An estimated 21% of newly installed capacity replaced existing collectors, and net additions were 52.3 million m2; the estimated cumulative capacity at end-2013 was based on 310 million m2, per Runquing, op. cit. note 9. 11 Solar heaters cost an estimated 3.5 times less than electric water heaters and 2.6 less than gas heaters over the system lifetime, from CSTIF, cited in Bärbel Epp, “Solar Thermal Competition Heats Up in China,” Renewable Energy World, 10 September 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2012/09/solar-thermal-competition-heats-up-in-china, and from Bärbel Epp, “Solar Thermal Shake-Out: Competition Heats Up in the Chinese Market,” Renewable Energy World, July– August 2012, pp. 47–49; annual market growth has increased fairly steadily year-by-year, up from 4,480 MWth in 2000, per Franz Mauthner and Werner Weiss, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2011 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA-SHC, May 2013), http://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/ publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2013.pdf. 12 Epp, op. cit. note 11. 13 European Commission, European Technology Platform Renewable Heating & Cooling, Common Vision for the Renewable Heating & Cooling Sector in Europe (Brussels: European Union, 2011), ftp:// ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/etp/docs/rhc-vision_en.pdf. 14 Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 15 Contraction has occurred since the peak in 2008, per EurObserv’ER, Solar Thermal and Concentrated Solar Power Barometer (Brussels: 2013), http://www.energies-renouvelables. org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro215.pdf; lower construction rates and pressure from idem; pressure particularly in Germany, according to Harald Drück, University of Stuttgart, cited in Bärbel Epp and Jan Gesthuizen, “Germany: A Standstill Is Not the Answer, a System Solution Is,” Solar Thermal World, 26 May 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/germany-standstill- not-answer-system-solution; France from Bärbel Epp, personal communication with REN21, 26 March 2014; see also Robin Welling, ESTIF, interview with Bärbel Epp, “It is a groundbreaking fact that solar thermal is the only technology to be enabled to obtain the A+++ label,” Solar Thermal World, 4 December 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/it-groundbreaking-fact- solar-thermal-only-technology-be-enabled-obtain-label; solar PV had greater appeal for investors in Austria, and reduction of support policies, from Pedro Dias, ESTIF, Brussels, personal communication with REN21, 4 May 2013. 16 Based on 1.02 million m2 of added collector area during 2013 for a total of 17.5 million m2 installed in Germany by year’s end, with all data from Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V., “Statistiche Zahlen der deutschen Solarwärmebranche (Solarthermie), March 2014, http://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/media/pdf/2014_03_ BSW_Solar_Faktenblatt_Solarwaerme.pdf; decline in 2011 from ESTIF, Trends and Market Statistics 2012 (Brussels: June 2013), p. 5, http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market_data/ downloads/Solar_Thermal_M%20arkets%202012.pdf. 17 Figure of 14% market decline in 2013, -15.9% in 2012, -12.8% in 2011, and -21.7% in 2010, from AEE-INTEC, provided by Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 18 More than doubled based on 671,156 m2 in 2008, from Solar Heating Department (DASOL), Brazilian Association of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Heating (ABRAVA), cited in Filipa Cardoso, “Brazil: Residential Demand Drives Market,” Solar Thermal World, 24 July 2013, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/brazil-residential-demand-drives- market; 2013 additions and year-end total based on 1,378,800 m2 of newly installed glazed and unglazed collector area and 9.8 million m2 of accumulated area, from DASOL, ABRAVA, 2014, and provided by Renata Grisoli, MGM Innova, personal communication with REN21, 29 March 2014. Note that additions were up from 1,151.300 m2 in 2012, and 1,029.600 m2 in 2011, from idem. 19 Drivers also include a growing awareness of sustainability issues, and are all from Cardoso, op. cit. note 18. Solar thermal is competitive in Brazil due to good solar resources/weather conditions and high electricity prices—systems can pay off in two years. See also Alejandro Diego Rosell, “Brazil: Rising Electricity Prices Put Spotlight on Solar Thermal,” Solar Thermal World, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/brazil-rising-electricity- prices-put-spotlight-solar-thermal. Note that Minha Casa, Minha Vida has resulted in installation of only 260,000 systems since 2009. 20 Mexico added an estimated 200 MWth (285,000 m2) in 2013, although down from 210 MWth (300,000 m2) in 2012 due mainly to a crisis in the construction sector, from Daniel García, Mexican renewable energy industry association FAMERAC, cited in Alejandro Diego Rosell, “Mexico: ANES to Provide National Solar Market Statistics,” Solar Thermal World, 24 February 2014, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-anes-provide-national- solar-market-statistics, and from Alejandro Diego Rosell, “Mexico: Fight for New Incentives,” Solar Thermal World, 13 September 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-fight-new- incentives; Argentina from Eva Augsten, “Argentina: Solar Water Heaters for Rural Schools,” Solar Thermal World, 29 October 2011, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/argentina-solar- water-heaters-rural-schools, and from Eva Augsten, “Argentina: ASADES’ Network for Solar Energy,” Solar Thermal World, 6 April 2012, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/argentina-asades- network-solar-energy; Chile has seen great success from a tax rebate scheme, approved in 2009, with 20,000 systems installed under the programme as of mid-2013, but uncertainty about its extension beyond the end of 2013 caused much uncertainty in Chile’s industry, per Alejandro Diego Rosell, “Chile: So Far No Government Compromise on Extending Tax Credits,” Solar RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 173 02PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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