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Construction Ban,” Young’s China Business Blog, 23 September 2013, http://www.youngchinabiz.com/en/china-boosts-solar-with- new-construction-ban/; at one point there were approximately 650 module manufacturers in China, and it is believed that 300–400 remain, per Haugwitz, op. cit. note 9. 85 Capacity shut down from Doug Young, “China Solar Heats Up with Trina, Renesola Mega Deals,” Young’s China Business Blog, 31 December 2013, http://www.youngchinabiz.com/en/china- solar-heats-up-with-trina-renesola-mega-deals/; government encouraging from John Parnell, “JinkoSolar adds 500 MW of Cell and Wafer Capacity with Topoint Acquisition,” PV-tech, 10 January 2014, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/jinkosolar_ adds_500mw_of_cell_and_wafer_capacity_with_topoint_ acquisition; curb oversupply and improve quality from John Parnell, “China Cuts Cord on Struggling Solar Manufacturers,” PV-tech, 2 January 2014, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/ china_cuts_the_cord_on_struggling_solar_manufacturers. The Chinese government ordered that no new construction be based on current technologies, per Doug Young, “China Boosts Solar with New Construction Ban,” Young’s China Business Blog, 23 September 2013, http://www.youngchinabiz.com/en/china- boosts-solar-with-new-construction-ban/; quality issues from, for example: Jennifer Runyon, “Solar PV Module Quality Concerns Still Exist for Developing World,” Renewable Energy World, 8 October 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/10/solar-pv-module-quality-concerns-still-exist- for-developing-word; “Dupont: PV Module Quality Is Improving but More Must Be Done,” Renewable Energy World, 9 August 2013, video/interview with Conrad Burke, Dupont, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/video/view/dupont-pv-module- quality-is-improving-but-more-must-be-done; “Solar Champion Paula Mints on Solar Manufacturing Quality,” Renewable Energy World, 12 July 2013, video/interview with Paula Mints, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/video/view/solar-champion- paula-mints-on-solar-manufacturing-quality; Todd Woody, “Solar Industry Anxious Over Defective Panels,” New York Times, 28 May 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/business/energy- environment/solar-powers-dark-side.html. 86 Debt is according to Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 15 August 2013, cited in Feifei Shen, “Massive China Solar Debts, Deadlines Rattling Investors,” Bloomberg, 3 September 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/09/china-solar-defaults-shock-holders-as-8-4- billion-due; “Suntech First Chinese Company to Enter Insolvency,” PV News, April 2013, p. 7; Fiona Harvey, “Suntech’s Troubles Cast a Shadow Over the Green Tech Industry,” The Guardian, 20 March 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/ mar/20/suntech-troubles-shadow-green-tech-industry. Suntech also announced the closure of its U.S. factory in Arizona in early 2013, per “Chinese Solar Power Firm Defaults on Debts,” The Guardian, 19 March 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/ world/2013/mar/19/suntech-china-solar-power-default. LDK has also faced challenges, per Justina Lee, “Survival of the Fittest in China’s Renewable Energy Market,” Bloomberg, 25 February 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2014/02/survival-of-the-fittest-in-chinas-renewable- energy-market?cmpid=SolarNL-Tuesday-February25-2014; see also Doug Young, “LDK Melts Down, Solar Default Signs Grow,” YoungChinaBiz.com, 2 April 2014, http://www.youngchinabiz. com/en/ldk-melts-down-solar-default-signs-grow/. 87 Production ramped up in general from James Montgomery, “New Crop of Reports Indicate Solar Outlook is Brightening,” Renewable Energy World, 12 November 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/new-crop- of-outlooks-see-solar-outlook-brightening, and from Masson, op. cit. note 1; Argentina from “El Primer Panel Solar Hecho en San Juan Estará para Junio de 2015,” Tiempo de San Juan, 3 October 2013, http://www.tiempodesanjuan.com/notas/2013/10/3/ primer-panel-solar-hecho-juan-estara-para-junio-2015-40810. asp (using Google Translate); Brazil from Roselund, op. cit. note 39; Canadian Solar formed a partnership with Samsung Renewable Energy to make modules for Samsung’s Ontario solar projects, per “Samsung to Open New Facility in Canada,” PV Intelligence Brief, 26 June–9 July 2013, http://news.pv-insider. com; “Wafer Factory Opens in Massachusetts,” PV News, March 2013, p. 10; Europe from “European Firms Ramp Up Module Production,” PV News, May 2013, p. 5; Calyxo (Germany) CdTe thin film manufacturer opened a new fully automated production line of 60 MW in Germany, per Katherine Steiner Dicks, “Calyxo Starts Up New Production Line,” Thin Film Intelligence Brief, 27 November–10 December 2013, http://news.pv-insider. com/thin-film-pv/thin-film-intelligence-brief-27-november- %E2%80%93-10-december-2013; Canadian Solar, “Samsung and Canadian Solar Open Solar Manufacturing Facility in London,” press release (London and Ontario: 6 March 2014), http:// investors.canadiansolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196781&p=irol- newsArticle&ID=1906933&highlight=; Samer A. Zawaydeh, Association of Energy Engineers, Jordan Energy Chapter, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2014; Turkish Investment Support and Promotion Agency, “Turkey’s Largest PV Module Manufacturing Plant Commissioned,” 24 May 2013, http:// www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/infocenter/news/Pages/240513-csun- turkey-solar-module-plant-opened.aspx; Astana Solar opened a new wafer and module manufacturing plant in Kazakhstan, per “Kazakhstan PV Manufacturing Industry Poised for Growth,” PV News, February 2013, p. 5; “Panasonic Begins Full-Scale Production in Malaysia,” PV News, October 2013, p. 3; “Hanwha Q-Cells Expands Malaysia Cell Production,” PV News, February 2014, p. 4. 88 “First PV Module Factory Opens in Ethiopia,” PV News, March 2013, p. 10. 89 Doug Young, “China Solar Heats Up with Trina, Renesola Mega Deals,” Young’s China Business Blog, 31 December 2013, http:// www.youngchinabiz.com/en/china-solar-heats-up-with-trina- renesola-mega-deals/; Charlie Zhu, “China’s Solar Industry Rebounds, But Will Boom-Bust Cycle Repeat?” Reuters, 24 January 2014, http://planetark.org/wen/70925; Hanergy acquired MiaSolé (United States), Silibro (Germany), and Global Solar Energy (United States), from James Montgomery, “CIGS Solar PV Roundup: Fundings, Expansions, and Cutbacks,” Renewable Energy World, 12 July 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld. com/rea/news/article/2013/07/cigs-solar-pv-roundup-fundings- expansions-and-cutbacks, and from “Hanergy Makes Third CIGS Acquisition,” PV News, September 2013, p. 5; Mark Osborne, “Hanergy Solar to Start Building 3 GW CIGS Thin- film Manufacturing Complex in China,” PV-tech, 27 January 2014, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/hanergy_solar_to_start_ building_3gw_cigs_thin_film_manufacturing_complex_in. 90 Japan’s manufacturers are increasing capacity and the technology mix is shifting away from poly-crystalline toward high-efficiency mono-crystalline silicon modules, which can maximise production on residential rooftops, and thin films, from Junko Movellan, “Recovery Report: Japan PV Manufacturers Find Their Domestic Sweet Spot,” Renewable Energy World, 12 June 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/06/recovery-report-japan-pv-manufacturers-find- their-domestic-sweet-spot. 91 Innovation and product differentiation from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 5, p. 55. One example is the PV Heater, which uses PV electricity directly to heat water in a storage tank. This system can increase a household’s level of self-consumption, and the system is not connected to the grid, so that output is not taxable. See, for example, REFUsol, “Photovoltaic Inverter Product Line,” p. 28, http://europe.refusol.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/brochures/ Produktprogramm_REFUsol_EN.pdf; and Nigel Morris, “Game Changer for PV and SHW?” 19 June 2013, http://solarbusiness. com.au/game-changer-for-pv-and-shw/. 92 Jeremy Bowden, “PV Policy and Markets – Impact of US Tariffs on LCOE,” Renewable Energy World, November–December 2012, p. 7; Cedric Brehaut and M.J. Shiao, “Megawatt-Scale PV Operations and Maintenance,” PV News, January 2014, pp. 9–10; EurObserv’ER, Photovolatic Barometer (Paris: April 2013), p. 65, http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/ observ/baro-jdp9.pdf. Examples of diversification and strategic partnerships include: several Chinese manufacturers moved into project development, spurred by government incentives and continued low prices, per Charlie Zhu, “China’s Ailing Solar Panel Makers See the Light, On a Farm,” Reuters, 8 November 2013, http://planetark.org/wen/70300; panel manufacturer Kyocera (Japan) has become a solar PV project developer in Japan and announced plans in 2013 to develop plants for institutional clients in the United States, per Morgan Lee, “Kyocera to Develop Solar Projects in U.S.,” utsandiego.com, 10 September 2013, http:// www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/sep/10/kyocera-develops-solar- farms/; Hanwha Q Cells USA Began offering a “one-stop solutions for bankable” commercial rooftop systems, per “Hanwha Q Cells Expands Commercial Rooftop Solar Services,” PV News, December 2013, p. 6; in Japan, manufacturers Kyocera, Sharp, and Solar Frontier began expanding into project development and becoming independent power producers, per Movellan, op. cit. note 90. 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