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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 168 Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to 2012 (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, July 2013), pp. 14–15, http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6350e.pdf. 70 FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 1. Figure 14 sources: global capacity added during 2004–2012 from EPIA, op. cit. note 2, and preliminary estimates for capacity added during 2013 from Masson, op. cit. note 1; investment data from BNEF, provided by Angus McCrone, BNEF, personal communication with REN21, 26 March 2014. 71 FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 1, p. 43. Levelised costs of generation for crystalline silicon PV systems fell 53% between 2009 and early 2014, per idem, p. 36. 72 Deutsche Bank Markets Research, op. cit. note 68, p. 2. Markets include several countries in Latin America, Europe, Asia, and some U.S. states, per idem, pp. 2, 4, 17. In Germany and Italy, the retail price of electricity for some consumer segments is higher than solar PV generation costs, from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 5, p. 73. Note that soft costs vary greatly according to system size, customer type, location, and other factors, per idem, p. 63. 73 During 2013, for example, SunPower (United States) announced an agreement between Total (France) and Etrion Partners (Switzerland) to build a 70 MW project in Chile that initially will sell all electricity on the spot market and will be the world’s largest unsubsidised solar PV project, from Sanjay Shrestha, Lazard Capital, 26 September 2013, cited in PV News, November 2013, p. 2, and from Javier Vergara and Raul Sandoval, “Renewable Year-end Focus: Chile,” Renewable Energy World, 25 December 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/12/renewable-year-end-focus-chile; Conergy (Germany) installed projects in Spain that were generating at grid-competitive rates, without subsidies, starting in late 2012, and reaching 1 GW by mid-2013, and developed business models for competitive markets in Australia, South Africa and the United States (not carried out due to subsequent insolvency), per Chris Meehan, “Conergy Installing Solar at Cost of Conventional Electricity in Spain,” Clean Energy Authority, 5 June 2013, http:// www.cleanenergyauthority.com/solar-energy-news/conergy- installing-solar-at-grid-in-spain-060513; FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 1, Chapter 3. 74 GTM Research, op. cit. note 67. Note that there are a number of differing estimates for module production and production capacity. Information is highly sensitive and no one knows exactly what the amounts are, per Masson, op. cit. note 1. 75 GTM Research, op. cit. note 67. 76 Paula Mints, “Reality Check: The Changing World of PV Manufacturing,” Renewable Energy World, 5 October 2011, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/10/ reality-check-the-changing-world-of-pv-manufacturing; Paula Mints, “The Solar Pricing Struggle,” Renewable Energy World, 28 August 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/08/the-solar-pricing-struggle. 77 GTM Research, op. cit. note 67. China’s share was up slightly from almost two-thirds in 2012, from GTM Research Competitive Intelligence Tracker, April 2013. 78 GTM Research, op. cit. note 67. 79 Ibid. 80 Bridge to India, “The Real Problem Facing Domestic Manufac- turing Is the Lack of Scale,” India Solar Weekly Market Update, 6 September 2013; World Bank, “Transforming India’s Future With Solar Power,” 12 December 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/ news/feature/2013/12/12/transforming-indias-future-with-solar- power; Finlay Colville, “Indian Solar Cell Capacity at Five-year Low,” Ciol.com, 6 September 2013, http://www.ciol.com/ciol/ features/195014/indian-solar-cell-capacity-low. 81 GTM Research, op. cit. note 67. Other rankings of suppliers differ according to what is counted and when. The top five module suppliers were Yingli, Trina Solar, Sharp (Japan), which stepped up three, Canadian Solar (Canada), down two steps, and Jinko (China), up from eighth to fifth, per GlobalData, “Sun Continues to Shine on Yingli Green Energy as It Retains First Position in GlobalData’s Top Five Crystalline Module Manufacturers, 2013,” press release, 25 March 2014, http://energy.globaldata. com/media-center/press-releases/power-and-resources/ sun-continues-to-shine-on-yingli-green-energy-as-it-retains- first-position-in-globaldatas-top-five-crystalline-module- manufacturers-2013; the top 10 cell and thin film manufacturers in 2013, by shipment, were Yingli, Trina Solar, JA Solar, Canadian Solar, First Solar, Hareon, Motech, NeoSolar, Jinko Solar, and 82 Sunpower, per Paula Mints, “April Fools, Magical Thinking, and PV Manufacturer Shipment Announcements,” Renewable Energy World, 7 April 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ rea/news/article/2014/04/april-fools-magical-thinking-and-pv- manufacturer-shipment-announcements. Record levels from Mercom Capital Group, cited in James Montgomery, “Solar VC Funding: ‘The Fear Is Gone’ for Investors,” Renewable Energy World, 9 October 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/10/solar-vc- funding-the-fear-is-gone-for-investors; mergers and acquisitions also from Althesys Strategic Consultants, “The Strategies of the 50 Leading Companies in the Global Renewable Energy Industry,” II Edition (Milan: 2014), Summary, http://www.althesys.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Althesys-IREX-International-2014-. pdf. Examples of mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcies, and restructuring include: JinkoSolar (China) acquired the manufacturing assets of Topoint (China), per John Parnell, “China Cuts Cord on Struggling Solar Manufacturers,” PV-tech, 2 January 2014, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/china_cuts_the_ cord_on_struggling_solar_manufacturers; Aleo Solar (Germany) announced its withdrawal from the U.S. market and expected loss for 2013, and its parent company, Bosch (Germany) announced plans to exit the crystalline PV sector, from “Aleo to Shut Down US Operations,” PV News, October 2013, p. 4, and from Max Hall, “More Grim News for Aleo Solar,” PV Magazine, 10 January 2014, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/more-grim- news-for-aleo-solar_100013907/; SolarWorld AG (Germany) took over much of Bosch Solar Energy (Germany), per “SolarWorld Acquires Bosch Solar Assets,” PV News, January 2014, p. 4; private equity firm Kawa Capital Management Inc. (USA) took over Conergy AG (Germany) after it filed for bankruptcy, from Nicholas Brautlecht, “U.S. Investor Kawa to Buy Insolvent German Solar Company Conergy,” Bloomberg, 24 July 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/07/u-s- investor-kawa-to-buy-insolvent-german-solar-company-conergy; panel manufacturer Helios USA stopped operations, per Meg Cichon, “US Solar Manufacturing Woes: Helios Shutters Plant, 1SolTech Slapped with State Lawsuit,” Renewable Energy World, 24 September 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ rea/news/article/2013/09/us-solar-manufacturing-woes-helios- shutters-plant-1soltech-slapped-with-state-lawsuit; Siliken (Spain) from Mercom Capital Group, “Siliken Files for Insolvency,” Market Intelligence Report – Solar, 4 February 2013; Alicante (IATSO, Spain) from Mercom Capital Group, “Spanish Module Producer Iatso Files for Insolvency,” Market Intelligence Report – Solar, 25 February 2013; First Solar (USA) restructured its global operations and announced plans for layoffs in the United States, from “First Solar to Lay Off 150 Employees in North America,” Power Engineering, 7 May 2013, http://www.power-eng.com/ articles/2013/05/first-solar-to-lay-off-150-north-american- employees.html; Honda (Japan) announced plans to withdraw from the production and sale of PV products as of spring 2014, per “Honda to Discontinue Operations of PV Subsidiary,” PV News, December 2013, p. 4; Sharp (Japan) announced in early 2014 that it would stop manufacturing panels in the United States and previously announced plans to close manufacturing facility in Wales, per “Sharp Says to End Solar Panel Production in U.S. by end-March,” Reuters, 22 January 2014, http://www.reuters.com/ article/2014/01/23/us-sharp-solar-idUSBREA0M05I20140123. For example, Nanosolar (United States) closed in July, and the German arm relaunched in November, per Andy Colthorpe, “Nanosolar Germany Relaunched as Smartenergy Renewables Deutschland,” PV-tech, 15 November 2013, http://www. pv-tech.org/news/nanosolar_germany_relaunched_as_ smartenergy_renewables_deutschland; SoloPower (United States) suspended operations in Oregon and laid off workers and sold equipment at its San Jose, California, facility, all from James Montgomery, “CIGS Solar PV Roundup: Fundings, Expansions, and Cutbacks,” Renewable Energy World, 12 July 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/07/ cigs-solar-pv-roundup-fundings-expansions-and-cutbacks; Solarion (Germany) entered insolvency proceedings in early 2013 and exited in mid-year, from “Solarion Exits Bankruptcy,” Thin Film Intelligence Brief, 26 June – 9 July 2013, http://news. pv-insider.com/thin-film-pv/thin-film-intelligence-brief-26-june- %E2%80%93-9-july-2013; CIGS startup NuvoSun (United States) was purchased by Dow Chemical, per “Dow Purchases CIGS Startup NuvoSun,” PV News, April 2013, p. 7. During the height of the boom, some 400 companies were involved in PV panel production; by late 2013, China had an estimated 150, per Doug Young, “China Boosts Solar with New 83 84PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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