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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 166 viewed 19 March 2014; Dagmar Buth-Parvaresh, “Saudi Arabia: The Largest PV Module-Covered Parking Lot in the World,” Sunny: The SMA Corporate Blog, 6 September 2013, http://en.sma-sunny. com/2013/09/06/saudi-arabia-the-largest-pv-module-covered- parking-lot-in-the-world/. 43 Markets include Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Zimbabwe, from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 5, p. 38; Egypt from Steve Sawyer, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), personal communication with REN21, 18 September 2013. 44 W. Jonker Klunne, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, personal communication with REN21, 12 April 2014; Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement programme also from “South Africa’s Renewable Energy Programme Announces Successful Bidders for Round Three,” Energyblog, 14 November 2013, http://www.energy.org. za/news/14-the-energy-blog/78-reippp-window-three; “South Africa’s First Solar Plant Goes Online,” SouthAfrica.info, 14 November 2013, http://www.southafrica.info/business/investing/ solar-141113.htm; Terence Creamer, “Two N Cape Solar Farms to Be Inaugurated in May as Operations Begin,” Engineeringnews. co.za, 17 April 2014, http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/ two-n-cape-solar-farms-to-be-inaugurated-in-may-as-operations- begin-2014-04-17. 45 At least 13 countries and 49 plants based on the following sources: Denis Lenardic, “Large-scale Photovoltaic Power Plants Ranking 1-50,” updated 22 February 2014, http://www. pvresources.com/PVPowerPlants/Top50.aspx; at least another four plants based on idem, updated 15 March 2014, 143 MW Catalina Solar Project in California, from “Catalina Solar Reaches Commercial Operation,” PV News, October 2013, p. 6; EDF Renewable Energy, “Project Detail: Catalina Project,” http://www. edf-re.com/projects/detail/catalina_solar_project/, viewed 13 March 2014; 320 MW solar PV plant co-located with an existing 1.28 GW hydropower dam in Qinghai Province, Northwestern China, per “CPI Completes Massive Hybrid Solar PV/Hydro Plant in Western China,” Solar Server, 12 December 2013, http://www. solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2013/kw50/ cpi-completes-massive-hybrid-solar-pvhydro-plant-in-western- china.html; 200 MW Chinese PV plant in Gonghe Industrial Park, from China Power Investment Corporation (CPIC), “200 MW Gonghe PV Station of Huanghe Company Synchronized,” press release (Beijing: 16 December 2013), http://eng.cpicorp.com. cn/e_corporateNews/201312/t20131218_227495.htm; 100 MW Chinese plant in Chengde, from CPIC, “100 MW Chengde PV Station Put into Operation,” press release, 13 December 2013, http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/NewsCenter/CorporateNews/201401/ t20140114_228662.htm. The countries are Bulgaria, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Ukraine, and the United States, per Lenardic, op. cit. this note, updated 15 March 2014. Note that reportedly a 100 MW solar PV plant was completed and commissioned by SunEdison (United States) in Chile during January 2014, per “Chile Reports that the 100 MW Amanecer Solar PV Plant is Online,” Solar Server, 21 February 2014, http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/ solar-news/current/2014/kw08/chile-reports-that-the-100-mw- amanecer-solar-pv-plant-is-online.html. 46 Based on data from Lenardic, op. cit. note 45, updated 15 March 2014. 47 Estimate of at least 14 in 2013 includes extensions of existing PV power projects as well as single stages completed in 2013, and based on data from Lenardic, op. cit. note 45, updated 15 March 2014; Japan plant is 70 MW Kagoshima Nanatsujima Mega Solar Power Plant, per Kyocera, “KYOCERA Starts Operation of 70 MW Solar Power Plant, the Largest in Japan,” press release (Tokyo: 5 November 2013), http://global.kyocera. com/news/2013/1101_nnms.html; South Africa plant is 75 MW Kalkbult plant, per Scatec Solar, “Inauguration of the 75 MW PV Plant Kalkbult,” press release (Oslo: 11 December 2013), http://www.scatecsolar.com/page_3_1.php?cms_ beg=0&pg=&kat1=&kat2=&kat3=&cmsshowfull=2_0_1001& dummy=0#cmsjumpto1. Note that tied for second largest at year’s end was the California Valley Solar Ranch, which expanded to its final capacity of 250 MW in operation in late 2013 (the first 22 MW began delivering power in October 2012), per “CVSR Reaches Full Commercial Operation,” PV News, December 2013, pp. 6–7. 48 “CPI Completes Massive Hybrid Solar PV/Hydro Plant in Western China,” Solar Server, 12 December 2013, http://www.solarserver. com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2013/2013/kw50/cpi- completes-massive-hybrid-solar-pvhydro-plant-in-western-china. html. 49 United States and other leaders based on data from Lenardic, op. cit. note 45, updated 22 February 2014 and 15 March 2014. Note that the United States had more than 1,430 MW of capacity in plants larger than 50 MW, followed by Germany (more than 1,200 MW), China (11,200 MW), India (almost 330 MW), and Ukraine (more than 310 MW), per idem, updated 22 February and 15 March 2014. 50 For example: the Sterling Project (1,200 MW) and McCoy Solar Energy Center (750 MW) in California were in early development stages in California by late 2013, per SEIA, cited in Levitan, op. cit. note 22; the first 57 MW of the planned 579 MW Solar Star project was connected to the U.S. grid in late 2013 or early 2014, with full construction due to be completed by end-2015, from Scott DiSavino, “Giant California Solar Star Power Plant Enters Service,” Reuters, 13 January 2014, http://planetark.org/wen/70837, and from “First Phase of Solar Star Connected to the Grid,” PV News, February 2014, p. 6; the 96 MW Jasper Solar Project, financed in part by Google, is under way in South Africa, and two projects of over 100 MW received approval in Chile in 2013, per J. Matthew Roney, “Solar Power: World Solar power topped 100,000 Megawatts in 2012” (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 31 July 2013), http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C47/ solar_power_2013; in Australia, construction began in early 2014 on a 102 MW plant, per “Construction Begins on 102 MW Nyngan Plant, Australia’s Largest Solar PV Plant,” Solar Plaza, 28 January 2014, http://www.solarplaza.com/news/construction-begins-on- 102mw-nyngan-plant-australi; construction of the largest solar project (64 MW) in the Caribbean region began in the Dominican Republic in late 2013, per “Caribbean’s Largest Solar Plant Under Construction,” PV News, October 2013, p. 7; in China, there were announcements of plans to construct several projects of 1 GW or larger, from Shunfeng Photovoltaic International Limited, “Announcement: Cooperation Agreements,” September 2013, http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2013/0901/ LTN20130901053.pdf, and from Louise Downing, “Trina to Build 1-Gigawatt Solar Farm in Western China,” Bloomberg, 30 December 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-30/ trina-to-build-1-gigawatt-solar-project-in-western-china.html. 51 Paula Mints, “And the Future of Residential Solar Is... Up for Grabs,” Renewable Energy World, 14 March 2014, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/03/and-the- future-of-residential-solar-isup-for-grabs. The commericial- and utility-owned share of the on-grid global market has been larger than the residential share since 2006, per idem. 52 Mints, op. cit. note 51. Self-consumption is expected to reach competitiveness later than net metering for solar PV, but many countries are considering policies (payment for grid costs, taxes, etc.) that would make self-consumption less competitive, therefore slowing markets, per Masson, op. cit. note 1; in Italy there is a strong debate about net metering, from Marangoni, op. cit. note 34; debate over net metering in the United States from, for example, Mark Chediak, Christopher Martin, and Ken Wells, “Utilities Feeling Rooftop Solar Heat Start Fighting Back,” Bloomberg, 31 December 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/12/ utilities-feeling-rooftop-solar-heat-start-fighting-back, and from Marc Gunther, “With Rooftop Solar on the Rise, U.S. Utilities are Striking Back,” YaleEnvironment360, 3 September 2013, http:// e360.yale.edu/feature/with_rooftop_solar_on_rise_us_utilities_ are_striking_back/2687/; James Montgomery, “More Insights into Solar and Utilities: Large-Scale Integration, Self-Ownership, and Net Metering,” Renewable Energy World, 5 June 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/06/ more-insights-into-solar-and-utilities-large-scale-integration-self- ownership-and-net-metering; Giles Parkinson, “Australian Utilities Erect Barricades in Bid to Halt Solar Storm,” Reneweconomy. com.au, 23 October 2013, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/ australian-utilities-erect-barricades-in-bid-to-halt-solar- storm-91715. 53 “Australian Community Solar Project Begins Operation,” PV News, January 2013, p. 11; Japan from Hironao Matsubara, ISEP, Tokyo, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014; United Kingdom from Andrew Williams, “Sharing Renewable Energy: Solar Power Co-operatives in the UK,” Renewable Energy World, 8 August 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/08/sharing-renewable-energy-solar-power-co- operatives-in-the-uk; Thailand from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 5, p. 25. 54 Bryan Lewis, “’Solar Gardens: Clean Energy Within Reach of Low-Income Families,” Climate Progress, 28 August 2013,PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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