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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – GEOTHERMAL POWER AND HEAT news/latest-items/olkaria-iii-geothermal-complex-kenya-reaches- 110-mw-commercial-operation-plant-3. 21 GEA, op. cit. note 17; global inventory of geothermal power plants from GEA, op. cit. note 2. 22 Alstom, “Los Humeros II, Units 9 & 10,” http://www.alstom. com/Global/Power/Resources/Documents/Brochures/los- humeros-II-mexico-geothermal-power-plant-datasheet.pdf; Alstom, “Alstom to build “Los Humeros III” geothermal project in Mexico,” 19 December 2013, http://www.alstom.com/press- centre/2013/11/alstom-to-build-los-humeros-iii-geothermal- project-in-mexico/; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), “Project 8861: Los Humeros II Phase A+B Geothermal Project,” http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/ DNV-CUK1355831407.2/view. 23 Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexican Geothermal Association, personal communication with REN21, April 2014. 24 Maibarara Geothermal Inc., “20 MW Maibarara Geothermal Power Project Starts Commercial Operations,” 9 February 2014, http://maibarara.com.ph/news/20-mw-maibarara-geothermal- power-project-starts-commercial-operations; Maibarara Geothermal Inc., “Maibarara Geothermal Power Project Gets CDM Approval,” 15 May 2013, http://maibarara.com.ph/uncategorized/ maibarara-geothermal-power-project-gets-cdm-approval. 25 Manuel S. Ogena and Ariel Fronda, Philippines Department of Energy, “Prolonged Geothermal Generation and Opportunity in the Philippines,” presentation at the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting 2013, Las Vegas, NV, 30 September 2013, http://www.geothermal.org. 26 Jørgen Fenhann, United Nations Environment Programme Risø Center, “CDM project pipeline,” 1 April 2014, http://cdmpipeline. org/publications/CDMPipeline.xlsx. 27 The plants are in the localities of Kirchstochach and Dürrnhaar at the outskirts of Munich. Turboden, ”References: 277,” http:// www.turboden.eu/en/references/references.php; Süddeutsche Geothermie-Projekte Gesellschaft, ”Projekte,” http://www. sgg-bayern.de/pro_1.shtml; capacity rating from Bundesverband Geothermie,“Tiefe Geothermieprojekte in Deutschland,” http:// www.geothermie.de/fileadmin/useruploads/aktuelles/projekte/ tiefe/deutschland/Projektliste_Tiefe_Geothermie_alphabetisch. pdf; new installed capacity of 19 MW in 2013, from Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat), Erneuerbare Energien im Jahr 2013 (Berlin: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Berlin, 2014), p. 3 and Table 5, http://www.bmwi. de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/A/agee-stat-bericht-ee-2013. 28 Stadtwerke München, “Geothermie-Heizkraftwerk Sauerlach geht offiziell in Betrieb,” press release (Munich: 30 January 2014), http://www.swm.de/dms/swm/pressemitteilungen/2014/01/ versorgung20140130/Pressemitteilung%20vom%2030.01.2.014. pdf; “SWM Geothermie-Kraftwerk in Sauerlach eröffnet,” Muenchen.de, 31 January 2014, http://www.muenchen.de/ themen/aktuell/swm-geothermie-kraftwerk.html. 29 Exergy, “Exergy Brings Geothermal Energy into the Future for Enel Green Power,” translated by Exergy from article in La Stampa, 10 June 2013, http://www.exergy-orc.com/newspressred/2013/ exergy-brings-geothermal-energy-into-the-future-for-enel-green- power; Exergy, “Radial Outflow Turbine,” http://exergy-orc.com/ radial-outflow-turbine. 30 Dumas, op. cit. note 11. 31 Benjamin Matek and Karl Gawell, “Report on the State of Geothermal Energy in California” (Washington, DC: GEA, February 2014). 32 Sidebar 4 from the following sources: Miklos Antics, Ruggero Bertani, and Burkhard Sanner, “Summary of EGC 2013 Country Update Reports on Geothermal Energy in Europe,” presented at European Geothermal Congress, Pisa, Italy, 3–7 June 2013; use of waste heat from Burkhard Sanner et al., Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating and Cooling (Luxembourg: European Commission, European Technology Platform – Renewable Heating and Cooling, March 2013), Figure 17, http://www.rhc-platform.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ members/Downloads/RHC_SRA_epo_final_lowres.pdf; heat pump efficiency from idem; overall energy efficiency dependence on efficiency of electricity consumption from idem, Section 3.5; 2010 survey data from Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1; 2013 update from Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. this note; European market figures from Thomas Nowak, European Heat Pump Association, personal communication with REN21, April 2014, and from EurObserv’ER, Heat Pumps Barometer (Paris: October 2013); 2012 sales from Nowak, op. cit. this note. EurObserv’ER, which may have greater geographic coverage, indicates significantly larger market size, at 1.65 million units, but similar overall market decline from 2011 to 2012; Heinz Kopetz, World Bioenergy Association, personal communication with REN21, 13 February 2014; attractive for large buildings from Nowak, op. cit. this note, January 2014; 15% share from Nowak, op. cit. this note, April 2014; use of hybrid systems from Sanner et al., op. cit. this note, p. 30. For hybrid systems, see, for example, Stephanie Banse, “Thailand: Government Continues Subsidy Programme in 2013,” Solar Thermal World, 15 February 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/thailand- government-continues-subsidy-programme-2013, and “Solar + Heat Pump Systems,” Solar Update (IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme), January 2013; interest in larger-scale pumps from Nowak, op. cit. this note, 16 April 2014; Denmark from Søren Berg Lorenzen, Danish Geothermal District Heating, “Deep Geothermal projects in Jutland,” presentation at the FURGY Congress 2014, Husum, Denmark, 21 March 2014, http://www.furgy.eu/ fileadmin/downloads/veranstaltungen/FURGY_Kongress_2014/ Pres._Lorenzen.pdf; Norway from Star Refrigeration, “World’s Largest Zero Carbon 90°C District Heat Pump Opens Its Doors 25th Feb,” http://www.star-ref.co.uk/star/worlds-largest.html; EU standardisation from “Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009,” (Article 5(4)), Official Journal of the European Union, 5 June 2009; Commission Decision of 1 March 2013 (2013/114/EU), Official Journal of the European Union, 6 March 2013. According to the Commission Rules, the renewable share of heat pump energy output would be: [ERES = Qusable * (1-1/SPF)], Where Qusable is the usable heat delivered and defined as the product of equivalent full-load hours of operation and the capacity of the heat pump; and where the SPF of any electrically driven heat pump considered shall always be greater than [1.15 * 1/ŋ], where ŋ is the ratio of gross production of electricity to primary energy used in electricity generation across the EU. With the EU power system efficiency (ŋ) established at 45.5% in March 2013, the minimum SPF for electrically driven heat pumps (sCOPnet) was thereby set at the value of 2.5 to qualify as being considered renewable energy under the Directive. 33 See, for example, Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1. 34 See sources in Endnote 1. 35 Ibid. 36 Dumas, op. cit. note 11. 37 See, for example, Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1, and Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. note 32. 38 Country data from the following sources: China: capacity of 3,688 MW from Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1; output of 156.2 PJ in 2010 and 162 PJ in 2011 from IEA, World Energy Statistics for 2011 (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2013); output of 46.3 PJ in 2010, excluding heat pumps, from Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1; Turkey: capacity of 2,667 MWt across three categories of space heating, greenhouses, and baths, from Parlaktuna et al., op. cit. note 11; geothermal direct use output of 16.3 TWh based on 2012 capacity for each use category (per idem) and 2010 capacity factors for each category, as implied by reported 2010 capacity and output values (per Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1); according to capacity and output figures for 2010 (per Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1), Turkish direct use for “bathing and swimming” in 2010 suggests a 100% capacity factor of associated thermal capacity, which is much higher than the average across other countries in the same source. Alternatively, the capacity value may be understated; additional sources include Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. note 32, and Dumas, op. cit. note 11; Iceland: capacity of 2,155 MW from Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. note 32; 7.8 TWh based on direct use being 60% of total final energy use for heat and power of 46.7 PJ, or 28 PJ, from Orkutölur 2013, Orkustofnun (Energy Statistics in Iceland 2013) (Reykjavik: April 2014), http://www.os.is/gogn/os-onnur- rit/orkutolur_2013-islenska.pdf; Conversely, another source suggests 8.2 TWh for 2012 (Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. note 32); Japan: capacity of 2,086 MW from Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1; output of 7.2 TWh from Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP), Renewables Japan Status Report 2014 (Toyko: 2014), http://www.isep.or.jp/jsr2014, via Hironao Matsubara, ISEP, personal communication with REN21, April 2014; Hungary: capacity of 695 MW and output of 2.8 TWh from Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. note 32; Italy: capacity of 779 MW and output of 2.4 TWh from idem. 39 See sources in Endnote 1. 158PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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