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GEOTHERMAL POWER AND HEAT 1 Based on electricity generation of 76 TWh (273 PJ) and heat output of 91 TWh (328 PJ). Electricity estimate based on global capacity of 12 GW and average capacity factor of 72%, which is based on 2012 global capacity of 11.4 GW and 2012 global generation of 72 TWh, from International Energy Agency (IEA), Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013 (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/IEA, 2013), p. 173. Heat estimate derived from the average of two estimated values. The first (376 PJ) was derived from global annual direct use in 2011 of 335 PJ, from IEA,”World Energy Statistics,” (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2013), and escalated at the observed two-year average growth rate (2009–2011) to 2012 and 2013; the second (281 TJ) was derived from global direct use in 2009 of 223 PJ, from John W. Lund, Derek H. Freeston, and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2010 Worldwide Review,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia: 25–29 April 2010, which was escalated first at the annual growth rate from IEA data (”World Energy Statistics,” op. cit. this note) to 2011 and then by the two-year average growth rate (2009–2011) to 2012 and 2013, as above. The average of these two values is the estimated global direct use of 328 PJ (91 TWh). Capacity estimate derived from the average of two estimated values. The first (25.8 GWth) was derived from global annual direct use in 2009–2011, from IEA,”World Energy Statistics,” op. cit. this note, and capacity factor of about 46% for 2009, calculated from Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. this note, and escalated at the observed two-year average growth rate (2009–2011) to 2012 and 2013; the second (19.3 GWth) was derived from global capacity of 15,346 MWth in 2009, from Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. this note, which was escalated first at the annual growth rate from IEA data (”World Energy Statistics,” op. cit. this note) to 2011 and then by the two-year average growth rate (2009–2011) to 2012 and 2013, as above. The average of these two values is the estimated global heat capacity at 22.6 GWth, with estimated increase of 1.3 GWth during 2013. The divergence between the two sources for geothermal heat output, and the need to extrapolate over 2–4 years, makes these estimates of output and capacity subject to great uncertainty. The difference between the two datasets is due largely to different heat output data for China, diverging by a factor of three (difference of about 100 PJ). The IEA reports direct use in China being 150.7 PJ (41.9 TWh) in 2010, while Lund, Freeston, and Boyd report direct use in China in 2009 being 46.3 PJ (12.9 TWh). 2 Total global installed capacity in 2013 of 12 GW is based on inventory of existing capacity and installed capacity in 2013, from Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), per Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, March 2014; and from additional sources for capacity additions by country provided throughout this section. The total difference between newly installed capacity and net additions (net of replacements) in 2013 is estimated to be 65 MW. Capacity additions for Turkey in 2013, according to latest government sources (149 MW), are higher than those represented here (112 MW), per Energy Market Regulatory Authority of the Turkish Republic, provided by Mustafa Sezgin, Secretary General and Member of the Board, Turkish Energy Foundation (TENVA), personal communication with REN21, May 2014. Estimated annual generation is based on global capacity of 12 GW and average capacity factor of 72%, which is based on 2012 global capacity of 11.4 GW and 2012 global generation of 72 TWh, from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 173. 3 Capacity values from current Inventory of existing capacity and additions from GEA, op. cit. note 2. 4 Figure 8 and country installed capacity in 2013 based on inventory of existing capacity and installed capacity in 2013, from ibid. and from additional sources for capacity additions by country provided throughout this section. 5 Figure 9 and country installed capacity in 2013 based on inventory of existing capacity and installed capacity in 2013, from ibid. 6 Contact Energy, “Continued performance improvement,” press release (Wellington, New Zealand: 18 February 2014), http://www. contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/financial/cen-hy14-media-release. pdf. 7 Robert Peltier, “Contact Energy Ltd.’s Te Mihi Power Station Harnesses Sustainable Geothermal Energy,” Power Magazine, 1 August 2013, http://www.powermag.com/contact-energy-ltd-s-te- mihi-power-station-harnesses-sustainable-geothermal-energy/. 8 Contact Energy, “The Te Mihi Project,” http://www.contactenergy. co.nz/web/ourprojects/temihi. 9 Mighty River Power, “PM opens showcase Geothermal plant: boost for MRP, benefits for NZ,” press release (Auckland, New Zealand: 3 October 2013), http://www.mightyriver.co.nz/PDFs/ PDFs/New-Geothermal-plant-boosts-MRP-and-benefits-NZ.aspx. 10 Ormat, “Ormat Successfully Completed The Ngatamariki Geothermal Plant,” press release (Reno, NV: 3 September 2013), http://www.ormat.com/news/latest-items/ ormat-successfully-completed-ngatamariki-geothermal-plant. 11 Inventory of existing capacity and installed capacity in 2013 from GEA, op. cit. note 2. Higher value for capacity addition of 149 MW and a total capacity of 311 MW from Energy Market Regulatory Authority of the Turkish Republic, op. cit. note 1. Additional information from the following: Phillip Dumas, European Geothermal Energy Council, personal communication with REN21, February 2014; Özgür Çağlan Kuyumcu, “Middle East Geothermal Potential,” presentation at the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting 2013, Las Vegas, NV, 29 September–2 October 2013, http://www.geothermal.org; Mahmut Parlaktuna et al., “Geothermal Country Update report of Turkey (2012-2013),”prepared for the European Geothermal Congress 2013, Pisa, Italy, 3–7 June 2013, http://www.geothermal-energy. org/pdf/IGAstandard/EGC/2013/EGC2013_CUR-32.pdf. 12 Fuji Electric, “Introduction to Fuji Electric’s Recent Experiences in Geothermal Power Plant Business,” presentation, October 2013, http://www.jica.go.jp/information/seminar/2013/ ku57pq00001ktre1-att/20131101_01_06.pdf; “Zorlu’s geothermal power plant opened,” Hurriyet Daily News, 30 September 2013, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/zorlus-geothermal-power- plant-opened.aspx?pageID=238&nID=55378&NewsCatID=345. 13 MB Holding [Menderes Geothermal Elektrik Üretim (MEGE)], “Dora-3 Produces, Turkey Wins,” 17 September 2013, http:// www.mb.com.tr/en/basinda-mb-holding; Kuyumcu, op. cit. note 11; BM Holding, “Gümüşköy GEPP Project,” http:// www.bmholding.com.tr/group_companies/geothermal. asp?show=gumuskoy_gepp_project&menu=power_generation. 14 Dumas, op. cit. note 11; Parlaktuna et al., op. cit. note 11. 15 Enel Green Power, “Enel Green Power: The Cove Fort Geothermal Power Plant Starts Operations in Utah,” press release (Rome and Boston: 27 November 2013), http://www.enelgreenpower. com/en-GB/ena/events_news/press_releases/release. aspx?iddoc=1661220. 16 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), “Nevada Deploys First U.S. Commercial, Grid-Connected Enhanced Geothermal System,” 12 April 2013, http://energy.gov/articles/nevada-deploys-first-us- commercial-grid-connected-enhanced-geothermal-system. 17 In-field and near-field EGS are located within or near existing conventional geothermal installations, while greenfield projects would be located on previously undeveloped sites, per GEA, 2013 Geothermal Power: International Market Overview (Washington, DC: September 2013). 18 Ormat, “Ormat Completes the Don A. Campbell Geothermal Power Plant with Full 16 Megawatt (net) Output,” press release (Reno, NV: 6 January 2014), http://www.ormat.com/news/latest-items/ ormat-completes-don-campbell-geothermal-power-plant-full-16- megawatt-net-output; Alexander Richter, “Gradient Resources starts operation of Patua plant in Nevada,” Think Geoenergy, 15 January 2014, http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/17677; Gradient Resources Web site, www.gradient.com. 19 Ormat, “Ormat Becomes Sole Owner of the Mammoth Complex in Mammoth Lakes, California,” press release (Reno, NV: 2 August 2010), http://www.ormat.com/news/acquisitions/ormat-becomes- sole-owner-mammoth-complex-mammoth-lakes-california; Ormat, “Ormat Reaches Commercial Operation of the Newly Refurbished Mammoth G1 Power Plant,” press release (Reno, NV: 23 January 2014), http://www.ormat.com/news/latest-items/ ormat-reaches-commercial-operation-newly-refurbished- mammoth-g1-power-plant. 20 Ormat, “Ormat Technologies Commences Operation of 36 MW Geothermal Power Plant In Kenya,” press release (Reno, NV: 2 May 2013), http://www.ormat.com/news/latest-items/ormat- technologies-commences-operation-36-mw-geothermal-power- plant-kenya; Ormat “Olkaria III Geothermal Complex in Kenya Reaches 110 MW with Commercial Operation of Plant 3,” press release (Reno, NV: 4 February 2014), http://www.ormat.com/ RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 157 02PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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