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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – BIOENERGY file-manager/akshay-urja/september-december-2013/EN/index. htm. 51 Ibid., both sources. 52 This estimate does not include co-firing and is based on data from METI, in ISEP, op. cit. note 29. 53 Joost Siteur, “Rapid Deployment of Industrial Biogas in Thailand: Factors of Success” (Washington, DC: July 2012), http://www. iipnetwork.org/IIP-10.%20BiogasCaseStudy.pdf. 54 “DP Cleantech signs contract to build coconut-to-energy power plant in Thailand,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 6, http://issuu.com/horseshoemedialtd/docs/ bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 55 In the United States, for example, operations began at a 60 MW facility in Black River, NY, that was converted to use forest residues and waste biomass as fuel, per Eldon Doody, “Second chances,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 68, http:// issuu.com/horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014; 56 Kelvin Ross, “E.ON pulls plug on 150 MW biomass plant in UK,” Power Engineering, 22 October 2013, http://www. powerengineeringint.com/articles/2013/10/eon-pulls-plug-on- 150-mw-biomass-plant-in-uk.html. 57 IRENA, “Biomass Co-firing: Technology Brief” (Abu Dhabi: January 2013), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/ Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E21%20 Biomass%20Co-firing.pdf; landfill gas accounts for about two- thirds of total power generation from bio-gases; Kolby Hoagland, “Why Cofiring Biomass with Coal Is Hotter Than Ever,” Biomass Magazine, 8 November 2013, http://biomassmagazine.com/ articles/9653/why-cofiring-biomass-with-coal-is-hotter-than- ever; A. Mourant, “Ready to explode,” Renewable Energy Focus, January/February 2014, p. 20; RISI Wood Biomass Markets, “Vojany Power Plant in Slovakia Replaces 20% of Coal with Wood Chips,” 24 May 2013, http://www.woodbiomass.com/ woodbiomass/news/East-Europe/Wood-Energy/Vojany-Slovakia- coal-wood-chips.html. 58 “CMT’s Biomass Pellets Trade & Power Taps into Growing Biomass Demand in North Asia,” Biomass Pellets Trade & Power Web site, http://www.cmtevents.com/aboutevent.aspx?ev=130929, viewed May 2014. 59 For example, in Spain, the co-firing of various blends of olive husks and grapeseed meal in a 335 MW coal-fired integrated gasification combined-cycle plant owned by Elcogas showed that the syngas composition was not affected when co-firing biomass levels below 4% of total fuel energy. Total CO2 emissions were reduced as the share of biomass fuel was increased, but, as might be expected, the power output declined noticeably when higher biomass shares were fed into the gasifier due to the biomass with lower energy density than coal taking up more of the limited available space. “Gasified biomass halves IGCC carbon emissions,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 11, http://issuu.com/ horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 60 Global production and Figure 6 based on data from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 8, both sources. Ethanol data converted from cubic metres to litres; biodiesel reported in 1,000 tonnes and converted to volume using a density value for biodiesel of 1,136 litres/tonne based on U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, Fourth Edition (Golden, CO: January 2009). Full trade statistics for biofuels in 2013 were not available at the time of writing, but monthly data were available from F.O. Licht. See Hannu Aatola et al., “Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Renewable Diesel Fuel: Trade-off Between NOx, Particulate Emission, and Fuel Consumption of a Heavy Duty Engine,” European Biofuels Technology Platform, 2008, http:// www.biofuelstp.eu/downloads/SAE_Study_Hydrotreated_ Vegetable_Oil_HVO_as_a_Renewable_Diesel_Fuel.pdf. 61 Ibid. 62 Ibid. 63 For details of Thailand’s Ministry of Energy “Alternative Energy Development Plan for 2008-2022,” which includes biofuels, see Ministry of Energy of Thailand, “Thailand’s Renewable Energy and its Energy Future: Opportunities & Challenges” (Bangkok: 16 September 2009), http://nstda.or.th/pub/2012/20120523- renewable-energy-strategy-2008-2022.pdf. 64 Based on 50.3 billion litres in the United States, 25.5 billion litres in Brazil, and a global total of 87.2 billion litres, from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 8, both sources, and from Helena Chum, NREL, personal communication with REN21, May 2013 and March 2014. 65 Data from ibid., all sources. 66 Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), “Pocket Guide to Ethanol 2014” (Washington, DC: January 2014), http://www.ethanolrfa. org/pages/rfa-pocket-guide-to-ethanol. 67 Based on 630 million gallons, from ibid., p. 12. Note that the United States also imported fuel ethanol (425 million gallons, or 1.6 billion litres, in 2013), mostly from Brazil, from idem. 68 NACS, The Association for Convenience & Fuel Retailing, “Ethanol industry enjoying resurgence,” 25 February 2014, http:// www.nacsonline.com/News/Daily/Pages/ND0225145.aspx#. UxSDgvl5Np9. 69 Reference Table R4 shows updated production volumes for 2012 and estimates of volumes produced in 2013 for the top 15 countries based on F.O. Licht 2014 data (see Endnote 4 in Reference Table section). The increase in Brazilian ethanol production could have been due to the continuing low sugar commodity price. Data from F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production, by Country (1000 cubic metres),” 2013, and F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country (1000 T),” 2013, used with permission from F.O. Licht / Licht Interactive Data. Brazil plant data from Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply Brazil, “Relação de institutições cadastradas no departamento de cana-de-açúcar e agroenergia” (Brasilia: 20 December 2013), http://www.agricultura.gov.br/arq_editor/file/Desenvolvimento_ Sustentavel/Agroenergia/Orientacoes_Tecnicas/Usinas%20e%20 Destilarias%20Cadastradas/Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20 cadastradas%2020-12-2013.pdf. 70 Ken Joseph, “Argentine Biofuels Annual” (Washington, DC: 28 June 2013), http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20 GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Buenos%20 Aires_Argentina_6-28-2013.pdf; Vogelbusch, “Argentina’s largest ethanol plant begins operation,” Ethanol Producer, 30 October 2013, http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/10403/argentinas- largest-ethanol-plant-begins-operations; Data from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 69, both sources. 71 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 69, both sources. But the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Global Agricultural Information Network reported that China’s 2013 biodiesel production was estimated to increase in 2013 by 5% to 966 million litres, per Ryan Scott and Jiang Junyang, “China – People’s Republic of, Biofuels Annual” (Washington, DC: USDA Foreign Agriculture Service, 9 September 2013), http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/ Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20 Republic%20of_9-9-2013.pdf. 72 Based on data from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 8, both sources. 73 Ibid. 74 Ethanol and biodiesel production and comparison with 2012 based on data from ibid. See Reference Table R4. 75 EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report (Washington, DC: 30 January 2014), Table 4, http://www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/ production/table4.pdf; F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country (1000 t),” op. cit. note 8. 76 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPA Finalizes 2013 Biomass-Based Diesel Volume” (Washington, DC: September 2012). 77 Based on data from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 8, both sources. 78 Based on data from ibid. and F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 69; duties amount to around USD 330 per tonne (EUR 240/tonne) in 2013, per “Argentina to export 39% less biodiesel due to European tariff,” Global BioBusiness, March 2014, http://www.globalbiobusiness.com/nav. asp?l=36&cmd=view&wr=20208&articleid=184. 79 Jude Hua and Jessica Jaganathan, “Update 1-China levies consumption tax on biodiesel, kerosene imports,” Reuters, 2 January 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/02/ china-fuel-tax-idUSL3N0KC0MM20140102. 80 The consumption tax is approximately USD 0.13/litre (0.8 yuan/ litre), per ibid. 81 Lamers, op. cit. note 12. 82 Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, “Sustainable biomass and bioenergy in the Netherlands: Report 2013” (Utrecht: November 2013), http://english.rvo.nl/sites/ default/files/2013/12/Sustainable%20biomass%20and%20 bioenergy%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20-%20Report%20 2013.pdf; No S-Y, “Application of hydrotreated vegetable oil from triglyceride based biomass to CI engines – a review,” Fuel, 154PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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