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total of 213.6 GW of global power capacity added from all sources in 2013 (see Endnote 36 for details). 39 Estimates based on the following sources: Total global electricity generation in 2013 is estimated at 22,921 TWh, based on 22,504 TWh in 2012 from BP, op. cit. note 1, and an estimated 1.85% growth in global electricity generation for 2013. The growth rate is based on the weighted average actual change in total generation for the following countries (which together account for two- thirds of global generation in 2012): United States (+0.26% net generation), EU-28 (-4.73% gross generation), Russia (-0.85%), India (+4.70%), China (+7.50%), and Brazil (+2.58%). Sources for 2011 and 2012 electricity generation are: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, April 2014, Table 7.2a (Electricity Net Generation); European Commission, Eurostat database, http://epp.eurostat. ec.europa.eu; System Operator of the Unified Power System of Russia, http://www.so-ups.ru; Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority (CEA), “Monthly Generation Report,” http://www.cea.nic.in/monthly_gen.html; China Electricity Council (CEC), ”CEC Released the Country’s Electricity Supply and Demand Analysis and Forecasting 2014 Annual Report,” 25 February 2014, http://www.cec.org.cn/guihuayutongji/ gongxufenxi/dianligongxufenxi/2014-02-25/117272.html (using Google Translate); National Operator of the Electrical System of Brazil (ONS), http://www.ons.org.br/historico/geracao_energia. aspx. Hydropower generation in 2013 is estimated at 3,775 TWh, based on input from IHA, op. cit. note 1, from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014, op. cit. note 1;,and from a projection based on 2012 hydropower output of 3,673 TWh from BP, op. cit. note 1, as well as observed weighted average year-on-year change in output (+2.8%) for top producing countries (China, Brazil, Canada, the United States, EU-27, Russia, India, and Norway), which together accounted for over 70% of global hydropower output: United States (-2.6% in annual output), Canada (+3.0%), EU-27 (+12.2% for January through September), Norway (-8.1%), Brazil (-6.0%), Russia (+12.7%), India (+13.2%) for facilities larger than 25 MW), and China (+4.7%). The combined hydropower output of these countries was up by about 2.8% relative to 2012. Hydropower generation by country: United States from EIA, op. cit. this note; Canada from Statistics Canada, http://www5.statcan. gc.ca; EU-27 from European Commission, op. cit. this note; Norway from Statistics Norway, http://www.ssb.no; Brazil from ONS, op. cit. this note; System Operator of the Unified Power System of Russia, op. cit. this note; Government of India, op. cit. this note; CEC, op. cit. this note. Non-hydro renewable generation of 1,311 TWh was based on 2013 year-end generating capacities shown in Reference Table R1 and representative capacity factors in Endnote 1, or other specific estimates as detailed by technology in Section 2. Figure 3 based on sources in this endnote. 40 Denmark met 33.2% of electricity demand with wind power, based on 11.1 billion kWh of wind power generation in 2013 and 33.5 billion kWh of total electricity consumption, from Carsten Vittrup, “2013 Was a Record-Setting Year for Danish Wind Power,” Energinet.DK, 15 January 2014, http://www.energinet.dk/EN/ El/Nyheder/Sider/2013-var-et-rekordaar-for-dansk-vindkraft. aspx; Spain from REE, per Asociación Empresarial Eólica (AEE), “Spain Was in 2013 the First Country Where Wind Energy Was the First Source of Electricity for an Entire Year,” press release (Madrid: 15 January 2014), http://www.aeeolica.org/en/new/ spain-was-in-2013-the-first-country-where-wind-energy-was-the- first-source-of-electricity-for-an-entire-year/; Italy from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 1. Other countries meeting large shares included Australia; wind met 38% of South Australia’s power demand and 8% of national demand during August 2013, from Clean Energy Council, “August Windy Enough to Light Up 155,000 Homes,” 4 September 2013, http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/media- centre/media-releases/september-2013/130904-windy-august. html; Portugal occasionally reaches 90% of electricity from wind power, from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 14 April 2014; Michael Goggin, “US Wind Energy Output Breaks Records,” Renewable Energy World, 4 April 2014, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/04/ us-wind-energy-output-breaks-records; RenewableUK, “Record Breaking Month for Wind Energy,” press release (London: 2 January 2014), http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/press-releases. cfm/2014-01-02-record-breaking-month-for-wind-energy; Note that renewable energy provided 70% of Portugal’s electricity supply for the first quarter of 2013; hydropower and wind power were the largest contributors, with hydro providing 37% and wind 27%, from Peter Bronski, “Is a High Renewables Future Really Possible? Part 2,” RMI Outlet, 23 May 2013, http://blog.rmi.org/ blog_05_23_2013_is_a_high_renewables_energy_really_ possible_part_two. 41 Orkutölur 2013, Orkustofnun (Energy Statistics in Iceland 2013) (Reykjavik: April 2014), http://www.os.is/gogn/os-onnur-rit/ orkutolur_2013-islenska.pdf; BP, “Renewables in this Review,” http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy- economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013/review-by- energy-type/renewable-energy/renewables-in-this-review.html, viewed 11 May 2014. 42 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, Executive Summary, p. 5; Jason Channell, Timothy Lam, and Shahriar Pourreza, Shale & Renewables: A Symbiotic Relationship (London: Citi Research, September 2012); BNEF, “Australia LCOE Update: Wind Cheaper than Coal and Gas,” Asia & Oceania Clean Energy Research Note, 31 January 2013; Sourabh Sen, “Assessing Risk and Cost in India: Solar’s Trajectory Compared to Coal,” Renewable Energy World, 17 April 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/risk-and- cost-solars-trajectory-compared-to-coal; Sarasin, Working Towards a Cleaner and Smarter Power Supply: Prospects for Renewables in the Energy Revolution (Basel, Switzerland: December 2012), p. 9; Bridge to India, India Solar Compass, April 2013, p. 26; IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview (Abu Dhabi: January 2013), http://costing.irena.org/media/2769/ Overview_Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2012.pdf; IEA, Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2013 (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2013), http://www.iea.org/publications/tcep_web.pdf. Note that offshore wind levelised costs increased between the second quarter of 2009 and the first quarter of 2013, as project developers moved farther from shore and into deeper waters, and some CSP and geothermal power technologies also saw cost increases during this period, from FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 38. Other renewables are becoming cost competitive in several west African countries, including Burkina Faso, Liberia, and The Gambia, per Quansah, op. cit. note 18. 43 FS-UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16, pp. 36–37. According to BNEF, conventional generation sources general saw per MWh costs increase over the period from early 2009 to early 2014, with the exception of gas-fired generation in the United States, and capital costs for coal- and gas-fired and nuclear power plants has generally increased as well, reflecting materials and labour costs. 44 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East without any subsidy support from ibid., pp. 36–37, 41–43; many renewables are already competitive relative to new fossil fuel plants, and wind and solar PV have reached or are approaching competitiveness without generation-based incentives in a number of markets, per IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 5; Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 15 January 2014. 45 Ernesto Macías Galán, Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE), personal communication with REN21, 15 January 2014; Sven Teske, Greenpeace International, personal communication with REN21, 13 January 2014; Clint Wilder, “2014: The Maturation of Clean Tech,” Renewable Energy World, 13 January 2014, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/01/2014- the-maturation-of-clean-tech; Giles Parkinson, “Australian utilities erect barricades in bid to halt solar storm,” Renew Economy, 23 October 2013, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/ australian-utilities-erect-barricades-in-bid-to-halt-solar- storm-91715; Europe from Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes, BEE, personal communication with REN21, 12 January 2014; Marc Gunther, “With Rooftop Solar on Rise, U.S. Utilities Are Striking Back,” Yale Environment360, 3 September 2013, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/ with_rooftop_solar_on_rise_us_utilities_are_striking_back/2687/. 46 See, for example, Mark Osborne, “Hareon Solar Teaming with Shanghai Electric Power on 800 MW of PV Projects,” PV tech, 13 March 2014, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/hareon_solar_teaming_ with_shanghai_electric_power_on_800mw_of_pv_projects; “How to lose half a trillion euros,” The Economist, October 2013, http:// www.economist.com/news/briefing/21587782-europes-electricity- providers-face-existential-threat-how-lose-half-trillion-euros; Gunther, op. cit. note 45; Ron Pernick, Clint Wilder, and James Belcher, Clean Energy Trends 2014, March 2014, p. 10, http:// cleanedge.com/reports/Clean-Energy-Trends-2014. 47 Rankings were determined by gathering data for the world’s top countries for hydropower, wind, solar PV, CSP, biomass, and geothermal power capacity. China based on 260 GW hydropower (not including pure pumped storage capacity) from CEC, op. cit. note 39; 91,412 MW installed by the end of 2013, from Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), provided by Shi Pengfei, RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 145 01PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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