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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 144 La Informacion, 13 December 2013, http://noticias.lainformacion. com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/energia-alternativa/peru- adjudica-19-proyectos-generacion-hidroelectrica-con-recursos- renovables_TbZsx0zWtSrd5zlkVxfGo6/; Brazil issued tenders for 6.124 GW of renewables, from Auction A-3 has 868 MW of wind per BNEF, “Wind Farms Dominating Brazil Power Auction Set for Record Year,” 18 November 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013- 11-18/wind-farms-dominating-brazil-power-auction-set-for-record- year.html; has 4.7 GW of wind during the year per BNEF, “Brazil Energy Auction Sells 2.3 Gigawatts of Wind-Power Projects,” 13 December 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-13/ brazil-energy-auction-sells-2-3-gigawatts-of-wind-power-projects. html; has 123 MW of solar power from “Brazilian state approves 123 MW of solar developments in energy auction,” PV tech, January 2014, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/brazil_gains_122mw_of_ solar_developments_after_state_energy_auction; has 481.2 MW small-scale hydro and 808 MW biomass, per Brazil Energy Research Office EPE from Beatriz Monteiro, communication with Sandra Chavez, IRENA, 20 February 2014; Uruguay has 200 MW of solar power, per Alejandro Diego Rosell, “One of the lowest solar rates in the world?” PV Magazine, December 2013, http://www. pv-magazine.com/archive/articles/beitrag/one-of-the-lowest-solar- rates-in-the-world-_100013587/#axzz2rt4Y3PqY; Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, and Uruguay all have promoted net metering, per MIF, op. cit. this note; improved investment environment from Bravo, op. cit. note 12; investment commitments from BNEF, “Clean Energy Investment Falls for Second Year,” press release (London: 15 February 2014), http://about.bnef.com/press-releases/clean-energy-investment- falls-for-second-year/; spread of manufacturing from MIF, op. cit. this note; factors behind development delays from Bravo, op. cit. note 12; challenges of low demand from Caribbean Community and Common Market, op. cit. this note. 21 Anna Leidreiter, World Future Council, personal communication with REN21, 10 April 2014. See also European Commission, “Siena Starts the New Year as Europe’s First Carbon Free City,” 22 January 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/ siena-starts-new-year-carbon-free/. 22 See Market and Industry Trends section. 23 U.S. International Trade Commission, Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments (Washington, DC: August 2013), Executive Summary, http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/ pub4421.pdf. 24 Back toward profitability from FS-UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16, p. 16, and from Alessandro Marangoni, Mario Iannotti, and Sofia Khametova, The Strategies of the 50 Leading Companies in the Global Renewable Energy Industry, Edition II (Milan: Althesys Strategic Consultants, 2014), Summary, http://www.althesys.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Althesys-IREX-International-2014-. pdf. 25 FS-UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16. 26 Global investment in fossil fuel power capacity was USD 270 billion; however, most of this was to replace previously existing capacity, and investment in additional fossil power capacity was an estimated USD 102 billion. This compares with USD 192 billion for renewables not including hydro plants larger than 50 MW, and at least USD 227 billion if all hydro is included, from ibid., pp. 30–32. 27 Ibid., p. 13; financing from Michael Eckhart, CitiGroup, Inc., personal communication with REN21, 13 January 2014. 28 Louise Downing, “Record Renewable Energy Transfers Illustrate Investors’ Appetites, Utilities’ Pain,” Bloomberg, 7 November 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/ record-renewable-energy-transfers-illustrate-investors-appetites- utilities-pain; for interest among institutional investors, see also Vera Eckert, “Green energy in Europe vies now with conventional energy: Allianz,” Reuters, 26 April 2013, http://planetark.org/ wen/68514; other new investors include insurance and reinsurance firms (e.g., Allianz, Munich Re), which are pouring billions of Euros into renewable energy projects, from “Green Makeover Will Be Struggle for Germany’s RWE,” Reuters, 1 November 2013, http:// planetark.org/wen/70238; Kelvin Ross, “London Array Wind Farm the Highlight of ‘Exceptional Year’ for Masdar,” Renewable Energy World, 24 January 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ rea/news/article/2014/01/london-array-wind-farm-the-highlight- of-exceptional-year-for-masdar; Sally Bakewell, “Citi Sees Capital Markets Reviving Renewables as Banks Bow Out,” Bloomberg, 27 January 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2014/01/citi-sees-capital-markets-reviving-renewables- as-banks-bow-out; Tildy Bayar, “Trend Spotting in Renewables Investment,” Renewable Energy World, May-June 2013, p. 53. 29 Use of crowd funding in China from Eric Ng, “Solar Farm Taps Crowd Funding for 10 m Yuan Project,” South China Morning Post, 20 February 2014, http://www.scmp.com/business/commodities/ article/1431397/solar-farm-taps-crowd-funding-10m-yuan-project; Africa and Asia from Felicity Carus, “Crowdfunding Aims to Prove that Solar Power in a Bankable Sector,” The Guardian, 20 December 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/ crowdfunding-solar-power-bankable-sector; risk-guarantee schemes from Franck Jesus, Global Environment Facility (GEF), personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014. See also FS-UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16. 30 See Distributed Renewable Energy in Developing Countries section. 31 See Reference Table R1 and related endnote for details and references. 32 Ibid. 33 Based on total additions of approximately 120 GW, with an estimated 40 GW from hydropower, more than 39 GW from solar PV, and more than 35 GW from wind. For details and references see Reference Table R1, Market and Industry Trends section, and related endnotes. 34 Based on estimates ranging from at least 36.9 GW to most likely 39–40 GW of solar PV added during 2013 from Masson, op. cit. note 1, from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 1, from EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018, op. cit. note 1, and from FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16; from estimates of 35.3–36.1 GW of wind power capacity added during 2013 from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, from World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), World Wind Energy Report 2013 (Bonn: 2014), and from Navigant Research, op. cit. note 1, Executive Summary; from data on global solar PV capacity additions back to 1990, from Paul Maycock, PV News, various years, and from EPIA, Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1; and from data on net global wind capacity additions back to 1981 from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, and from Janet L. Sawin, “The Role of Government in the Development and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies: Wind Power in the United States, California, Denmark and Germany, 1970-2000,” Doctoral Dissertation, Fletcher School, Tufts University, September 2001. 35 Growing share based on data from REN21, Renewables Global Status Report, previous editions, and from EIA and BNEF data, provided in FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16, p. 31. 36 Figure of 56% based on a total of approximately 120 GW of renewable capacity added, as noted in this report; on 4 GW of nuclear power capacity added and 5.4 GW of capacity permanently shutdown, for a net reduction of 1.4 GW, from International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) PRIS Database, http://www.iaea.org/pris/, viewed 11 May 2014; net increase in fossil generating capacity of an estimated 95 GW, from FS¬–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 16, p. 30. Based on these data, total global net capacity additions in 2013 were estimated to be about 213.6 GW, putting the renewable share at just over 56%. Higher shares in several countries based on the following: IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 1; New Zealand from Ralph Sims, Massey University, New Zealand, personal communication with REN21, 30 March 2014; countries in Europe based on the fact that 72% of newly installed EU capacity was renewable, from European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Wind in Power: 2013 European Statistics (Brussels: February 2014), p. 7, http:// www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/ EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2013.pdf; France decommissioned fossil capacity and adding no nuclear power capacity, therefore adding only renewables, per Romain Zissler, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP), personal communication with REN21, 15 April 2014; nearly all capacity added in Italy was renewable, from Alessandro Marangoni, Althesys Strategic Consultants, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014. 37 EWEA, op. cit. note 36, p. 7. 38 Renewable share of total global electric generating capacity is based on renewable total of 1,560 GW and on total global electric capacity in the range of 5,898.3 GW. Estimated total world capacity for end-2013 is based on 2011 total of 5,456 GW, from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 574; on about 116 GW of renewable power capacity added in 2012, from REN21, op. cit. note 1, and adjusted data for 2012; on 109 GW net additions of fossil fuel-fired capacity in 2012, from FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2013 (Frankfurt: 2013); on a net increase in nuclear power capacity of 3.7 GW in 2012, from IAEA, cited in “Nuclear Power Capacity Grew Again in 2012: IAEA,” Agence France Presse, 5 March 2013; and on a netPDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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