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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 142 1 Estimated shares are from the following sources: total 2012 final energy demand (estimated at 8,265 Mtoe) based on 8,098 Mtoe for 2011 from International Energy Agency (IEA), “World Energy Statistics” (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/IEA, 2013) and escalated by the 2.06% increase in global primary energy demand from 2011 to 2012, derived from BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 (London: 2013), http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/ statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf. Traditional biomass use in 2012 of 31.3 EJ based on the same value for 2011 from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013 (Paris: OECD/ IEA, 2013), p. 217. Elsewhere, traditional biomass use in 2011 was estimated at 744 Mtoe (31.15 EJ), and expected to decline by 2020, from IEA, World Energy Outlook (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2013), pp. 200–201. In 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated a higher range for traditional biomass of 37–43 EJ, and a proportionately lower figure for modern biomass use, per O. Edenhofer et al., eds., IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Resources and Climate Change Mitigation (Cambridge, U.K. and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), Table 2.1, http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report. Bio-heat energy values for 2012 (industrial, residential, commercial, and other uses, including heat from heat plants) based on 315 Mtoe (12.8 EJ) for 2011 and projected 3.1% annual growth for bioenergy use for heat to 2018, from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. this note, p. 223. Bio-power generation was estimated at 32 Mtoe (373 TWh), from idem, p. 172. Wind power generation of 50 Mtoe (582 TWh) based on global capacity of 283.2 GW from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind Report – Annual Market Update 2013 (Brussels: April 2014), http://www.gwec.net/ wp-content/uploads/2014/04/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report_9- April-2014.pdf, and a capacity factor (CF) of 23.44%, calculated from 2012 global capacity and output as reported by Navigant Research, World Market Update 2013: International Wind Energy Development. Forecast 2014-2018 (Copenhagen: March 2014). Solar PV generation was estimated at 9.9 Mtoe (116 TWh), based on 99.7 GW capacity from European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Market Report 2013 (Brussels: March 2014), http://www. epia.org/uploads/tx_epiapublications/Market_Report_2013_02. pdf, and average CF of 13.24%, based on 2013 capacity of 139 GW from Gaëtan Masson, IEA-Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS), and iCARES Consulting, personal communication with REN21, February-May 2014; and EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018 (Brussels: forthcoming 2014); 2013 generation of 160 TWh from IEA-PVPS, PVPS Report – Snapshot of Global PV 1992–2013: Preliminary Trends Information from the IEA PVPS Programme (Brussels: March 2014), http://www. iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/PVPS_ report_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2013_-_final_3. pdf. CSP was 0.5 Mtoe (6 TWh), based on 2.54 GW capacity from REN21, Renewables 2013 Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 2013), and CF of 25.9% based on preliminary 2013 capacity and generation from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 (Paris: OECD/IEA, forthcoming 2014). Ocean power was 0.1 Mtoe (1.1 TWh), based on 530 MW capacity and CF of 23.3% based on 2013 capacity and generation from idem. Geothermal electricity generation was 6.2 Mtoe (72 TWh), from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. this note. Hydropower was 318 Mtoe (3,700 TWh), from International Hydropower Association (IHA), personal communication with REN21, May 2014. Solar thermal heating/cooling of 20.6 Mtoe (0.86 EJ) from Franz Mauthner, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communication with REN21, March-May 2014, and from Franz Mauthner and Werner Weiss, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2012 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC), forthcoming 2014). Note that the estimate does not consider air collectors. Geothermal heat was estimated at 7.8 Mtoe (0.33 EJ), derived from the average of two estimated values. The first (376 PJ) was derived from global annual direct use in 2011 of 335 PJ, from IEA, “World Energy Statistics,” op. cit. this note, and escalated at the observed two-year average growth rate (2009–2011) to 2012 and 2013; the second (281 TJ) was derived from global direct use in 2009 of 223 PJ, from John W. Lund, Derek H. Freeston, and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2010 Worldwide Review,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 (Bali, Indonesia: 25–29 April 2010), which was escalated first at the annual growth rate from IEA data (”World Energy Statistics,” op. cit. this note) to 2011 and then by the two- year average growth rate (2009–2011) to 2012 and 2013, as above. For liquid biofuels, ethanol use was estimated at 43.8 Mtoe (1.83 EJ) and biodiesel use at 19.4 Mtoe (0.81 EJ), based on 82.6 billion litres and 23.6 billion litres, respectively, from F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production, by Country (1000 cubic metres),” 2014, and F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country (1000 t),” 2014, used with permission from F.O. Licht / Licht Interactive Data; average conversion factors from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Bioenergy Conversion Factors,” https://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/ misc/energy_conv.html. Nuclear power generation was assumed to contribute 213 Mtoe (2,477 TWh) of final energy, from BP, op. cit. this note. 2 Ibid. 3 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 200. 4 Data and Figure 1 based on sources in Endnote 1. 5 Figure 2 based on the following sources (see also relevant sections and endnotes for more details regarding 2013 data and sources): Solar PV based on 15,795 MW in operation at the end of 2008, and 99,690 MW at the end of 2012, from EPIA, Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, and more than 139 GW at the end of 2013. CSP based on 485 MW in operation at the end of 2008, from Fred Morse, Abengoa Solar, personal communication with REN21, 4 May 2012, and from Red Eléctrica de España (REE), “Potencia Instalada Peninsular (MW),” updated 29 April 2013, https://www. ree.es/ingles/sistema_electrico/series_estadisticas.asp; on about 2,540 MW at the end of 2012, from REN21, op. cit. note 1, from Luis Crespo, European Solar Thermal Electricity Association (ESTELA), personal communication with REN21, February 2014, from Fred Morse, Morse Associates, Inc., personal communication with REN21, February 2014, from “CSP World Map,” CSP World, http:// www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap, and from “CSP Today Global Tracker,” CSP Today, http://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects; and on 3,425 MW at the end of 2013. Wind power based on 120.6 GW at the end of 2008 and 283 GW at the end of 2012, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, and on 318 GW at the end of 2013. Hydropower based on an estimated 833 MW (not including pumped storage) in operation at the end of 2008 based on data from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Table: Hydroelectricity Installed Capacity (Million kilowatts),” www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/ iedindex3.cfm, viewed 11 May 2014, and adjusted downward by 20 GW to account for difference between 2011 data from EIA and from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, and on 960 GW at the end of 2012, from IHA, Hydropower Database (unpublished), personal communication with REN21, February-March 2014, and on 1,000 GW at the end of 2013. Geothermal based on 10.3 GW in operation at the end of 2008, and about 11.5 GW at the end of 2012, from U.S. Geothermal Energy Agency (GEA), unpublished database, provided by Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, March 2014, and 12 GW at the end of 2013. Solar water heaters based on 169.1 GWth capacity (not including air collectors) in operation at the end of 2008, 281.6 GWth at the end of 2012, and an estimated 326 GWth at the end of 2013, from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1, and on Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. Biofuels based on 15.6 billion litres of biodiesel and 66 billion litres of fuel ethanol produced in 2008, 23.6 billion litres of biodiesel and 82.6 billion litres of fuel ethanol in 2012, and 26.3 billion litres of biodiesel and 87.2 billion litres of fuel ethanol in 2013, all from F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production, by Country (1000 cubic metres),” 2013, and F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country (1000 T), 2013, from Helena Chum, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), personal communication with REN21, May 2013 and March 2014, with permission from F.O. Licht/ Licht Interactive Data. 6 Sidebar 1 from the following sources: observations of GSR report authors; International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Statistical Issues: Bioenergy and Distributed Renewable Energy (Abu Dhabi: 2013), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/ Publications/Statistical%20issues_bioenergy_and_distributed%20 renewable%20_energy.pdf; United Nations Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL), Global Tracking Framework (Washington, DC: 2013), http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/ Global-Tracking-Framework-Report. The Global Tracking Framework provides a system for regular reporting over the years leading to 2030, to monitor advances towards SE4ALL targets. Currently, the tracking framework draws from available global databases, but over the medium term, the framework aims to improve existing databases. At the regional level, initiatives include those by the ECOWAS Observatory for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, http://www.ecowrex.org/, and the RCREEE Arab Future Energy Index, http://www.rcreee.org/projects/ arab-future-energy-index%E2%84%A2-afex. 7 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 199. Also see Bioenergy section of this report.PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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