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What is geothermal energy? Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse , Pisa, Italy Heat is a form of energy and geothermal energy is literally the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale. "Geothermal energy" is often used nowadays, however, to indicate that part of the Earth's heat that can, or could, be recovered and exploited by man, and it is in this sense that we will use the term from now on. Brief geothermal history The presence of volcanoes, hot springs, and other thermal phenomena must have led our ancestors to surmise that parts of the interior of the Earth were hot. However, it was not until a period between the sixteenth and seventeenth century, when the first mines were excavated to a few hundred metres below ground level, that man deduced, from simple physical sensations, that the Earth's temperature increased with depth. The first measurements by thermometer were probably performed in 1740, in a mine near Belfort, in France (Bullard, 1965). By 1870 modern scientific methods were being used to study the thermal regime of the Earth, but it was not until the twentieth century, and the discovery of the role played by radiogenic heat, that we could fully comprehend such phenomena as heat balance and the Earth's thermal history. All modern thermal models of the Earth, in fact, must take into account the heat continually generated by the decay of the long- lived radioactive isotopes of uranium (U238, U235), thorium (Th232) and potassium (K40), which are present in the Earth (Lubimova, 1968). Added to radiogenic heat, in uncertain proportions, are other potential sources of heat such as the primordial energy of planetary accretion. Realistic theories on these models were not available until the 1980s, when it was demonstrated that there was no equilibrium between the radiogenic heat generated in the Earth's interior and the heat dissipated into space from the Earth, and that our planet is slowly cooling down. 1PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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