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COAL William A. Ambrose4 World Coal Production and Consumption Coal continues to be a significant component of the worldÕs energy production and consumption, with total world coal production slightly exceeding 8 billion short tons (bst), or 7.2 billion metric tonnes in 2010 (U.S. Energy Information Administration 2011a). Coal has represented the worldÕs largest source for electricity generation over the past century, and is second only to oil as the worldÕs top energy source. More than 1,400,000 megawatts (MW), or >1,400 gigawatts (GW) of elec- tricity could be supplied from the 1,200 newly pro- posed coal-fired power plants worldwide (MIT Technology Review 2011). China produced 45% of the worldÕs coal in 2010, more than three times than the U.S., and more than the U.S., India, Australia, and Indonesia com- bined (Fig. 1). Relative ranking among the top coal- producing countries has been nearly consistent since 2000, with Indonesia having its coal production increasing by 368% from 2000 to 2010, thereby dis- placing Russia as the fifth largest producer. ChinaÕs coal production has grown by 188%, whereas U.S. coal production has increased by only 1% from 2000 to 2010 (Fig. 2). China also consumed 3.8 bst (3.45 billion metric tonnes) of coal in 2011, nearly half the worldÕs total consumption (Sweet 2013). This increased con- sumption is partly driven by more than a threefold increase in electricity generation in China since 2000. Global demand for coal has grown by about 2.9 bst (2.6 billion metric tonnes) since 2000, with 82% of the total demand in China. U.S. Coal Production and Consumption U.S. coal production in 2011, spurred by a rise in exports, increased to 1.1 bst (1.0 billion metric tonnes), up from 2010 levels (U.S. Energy Informa- tion Administration 2012a). Capacity utilization in- creased 2.8 to 79% at underground mines, whereas utilization at surface mines was unchanged at 83.3%. Although U.S. coal production for exports 4Jackson School of Geosciences, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8924, USA; Chair, EMD Coal Committee. continues to be strong, the share of coal to the coun- tryÕs overall energy production is declining, mainly owing to expanded natural gas production (Humph- ries and Sherlock 2013). Lower demand for coal in U.S. markets is projected from a combination of fac- tors that include increasingly strict federal regula- tions, lower natural gas prices, and coal plant retirements. Celebi et al. (2012) and Reuters (2012), based on data from NERC (2011), estimated that market conditions and environmental regulations will contribute to 59–77 GW of coal plant retirements by 2016 (Fig. 3). The greatest loss of coal-fired electricity generation is projected to be in the southeastern U.S., with 27–30 GW of plant retirements, followed by the northeastern U.S. (18–26 GW). Coal production in the western U.S., dominated by Wyoming, was 587.6 million short tons (mst) (529,000 metric tonnes) in 2011, representing a decrease of 0.7% from the previous year (U.S. En- ergy Information Administration 2012a). Factors causing this decrease in western U.S. coal produc- tion included limited access to foreign markets and flooding in Montana. Coal production in the Appa- lachian region, driven by exports of bituminous coal, increased by 0.2% to 336.0 mst (302,000 met- ric tonnes). Texas, Illinois, and Indiana saw pro- duction increases of 12.0, 13.6, and 7.1%, respectively. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals Division Figure 1. Relative world coal production in 2010 from China, the United States, India, Australia, Indonesia, and the rest of the world. From U.S. Energy Information Administration (2011a).PDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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