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12 Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary The current nonrenewable options for replacing this anticipated loss of U.S. baseload generating capacity are coalfired thermal, nuclear, and combinedcycle gascombustion turbines. While these are clearly practical options, there are some concerns. First, demand and prices for cleaner natural gas will escalate substantially during the next 25 years, making it difficult to reach gasfired capacity. Large increases in imported gas will be needed to meet growing demand – further compromising U.S. energy security beyond just importing the majority of our oil for meeting transportation needs. Second, local, regional, and global environmental impacts associated with increased coal use will most likely require a transition to cleancoal power generation, possibly with sequestration of carbon dioxide. The costs and uncertainties associated with such a transition are daunting. Also, adopting this approach would accelerate our consumption of coal significantly, compromising its use as a source of liquid transportation fuel for the long term. It is also uncertain whether the American public is ready to embrace increasing nuclear power capacity, which would require siting and constructing many new reactor systems. Pursuing the geothermal option: Could U.S.based geothermal energy provide a viable option for providing large amounts of generating capacity when it is needed? This is exactly the question we are addressing in our assessment of EGS. On the renewable side, there is considerable opportunity for capacity expansion of U.S. hydropower potential using existing dams and impoundments. But outside of a few pumped storage projects, hydropower growth has been hampered by reductions in capacity imposed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), as a result of environmental concerns. Concentrating solar power (CSP) provides an option for increased baseload capacity in the Southwest where demand is growing. Although renewable solar and wind energy also have significant potential for the United States and are likely to be deployed in increasing amounts, it is unlikely that they alone can meet the entire demand. Furthermore, solar and wind energy are inherently intermittent and cannot provide 24houraday base load without megasized energy storage systems, which traditionally have not been easy to site and are costly to deploy. Biomass also can be used as a renewable fuel to provide electricity using existing heat topower technology, but its value to the United States as a feedstock for biofuels for transportation may be much higher, given the current goals of reducing U.S. demand for imported oil. Clearly, we need to increase energy efficiency in all enduse sectors; but even aggressive efforts cannot eliminate the substantial replacement and new capacity additions that will be needed to avoid severe reductions in the services that energy provides to all Americans. Although geothermal energy has provided commercial baseload electricity around the world for more than a century, it is often ignored in national projections of evolving U.S. energy supply. This could be a result of the widespread perception that the total geothermal resource is often associated with identified highgrade, hydrothermal systems that are too few and too limited in their distribution in the United States to make a longterm, major impact at a national level. This perception has led to undervaluing the longterm potential of geothermal energy by missing an opportunity to develop technologies for sustainable heat mining from large volumes of accessible hot rock anywhere in the United States. In fact, many attributes of geothermal energy, namely its widespread distribution, baseload dispatchability without storage, small footprint, and low emissions, are desirable for reaching a sustainable energy future for the United States. Expanding our energy supply portfolio to include more indigenous and renewable resources is a sound approach that will increase energy security in a manner that parallels the diversification ideals that havePDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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