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5650 R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5649–5659 6. 7. 5.3. Recent developments of turbocharger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5656 5.3.1. Two-stageturbocharger.............................................................................. 5656 5.3.2. Turbochargingforanewtypeofengine................................................................. 5657 Economical view and environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5657 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5658 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5658 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5658 1. Introduction In recent years the scientific and public awareness on environ- mental and energy issues has brought in major interests to the research of advanced technologies particularly in highly efficient internal combustion engines. The number of vehicles (passenger and commercial vehicles) produced from 2005 to 2010 shows an overall increasing trend from year to year despite major global economic downturn in the 2008–2010 periods (Fig. 1). Note that China’s energy consumption in transportation sector is the lowest (13.5%) [1] although the country produced the highest number of vehicles in 2009 to 2010 as compared to the other countries (Table 1). Viewing from the socio-economic perspective, as the level of energy consumption is directly proportional to the economic development and total number of population in a country, the growing rate of population in the world today indicates that the energy demand is likely to increase. It is also expected that the average increase in population growth between 2010 and 2020 is projected to be 10.74% [3–5]. For instance, the current population of Malaysia is expected to rise from 28 million in 2010 [6] to 33 million by the year 2020 [7]. In consequence, Malaysia Gross Domestic Product (GDP) saw a stable increase from RM 87,280 million in 1980 to RM 675,825 million in 2009 [8]. From 1980 to 2009, the per capita income also recorded an increase from RM 6341 to RM 24,604 (US$1 1⁄4 RM 3.50) [8]. The energy demand of Malaysia is thus presented in Fig. 2 [9] showing a stable percentage values for transportation sector in 2002 period. As discussed before, the growing number of population puts trans- portation sector in a very crucial role due to its dependability towards the continuous and rapid development of a nation urban areas and the standard of living for its people. For instance, in 20,000,000 18,000,000 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Fig. 2. Final energy usage by the main sector of Malaysia in 2002 [9]. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* Non-energy use 24.5 (4.1) 65.4 (4.2) 30.2 (2.8) 10.5 (2.9) 125 (3.4) 201 (3.2) Fig. 1. Production of vehicles from 2005 to 2010 for selected countries [1,2]. Table 1 Terminal energy consumption structure by region and sector (unit: mtoe) [1]. Year Regions Total consumption China 597 USA 1597 EU (15) 1057 Japan 359 OECD 3692 Total in the world 6212 Energy consumption by sector a Percentage value inside the parenthesis. China Germany Japan Malaysia UK USA South Korea Industry 327 (54.8)a 394 (25.3) 320 (30.3) 135 (37.6) 1106 (30.0) 2144 (34.5) Transportation 80.5 (13.5) 623 (40.0) 321 (30.4) 94.4 (26.3) 1242 (33.6) 1831 (29.5) Agricultural/ commerce/civil 165 (27.6) 475 (30.5) 386 (36.5) 119 (33.2) 1120 (33.0) 2035 (32.8) No. of VehiclesPDF Image | Heat Condensing Operating Parameters ElectraTherm
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