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Energy­ Sector Fundamentals

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Energy­ Sector Fundamentals ( energy­-sector-fundamentals )

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9­4 A base­load power plant is one that provides a steady flow of power regardless of total power demand by the grid.1* Power generation units are designated base­load according to their efficiency and safety at set designed outputs. Base­load power plants do not change production to match power consumption demands. Generally, these plants are massive enough, usually greater than 250 MWe, to provide a significant portion of the power used by a grid in everyday operations with consequent long ramp­up and ramp­down times. Capacity factors are typically in excess of 90%. Fluctuations in power supply demand, the peak power demand, or spikes in customer demand are handled by smaller and more responsive types of power plants.Year Chapter 9 Energy­Sector Fundamentals: Economic Analysis, Projections, and Supply Curves The history of electricity generation in the United States and projections to 2020 are shown in Figure 9.1 for all resources. It is important to note that the projected demand for electricity assumes that there are no major policy initiatives to offset current demand growth trends. Even if policies were put in place to reduce demand by improving efficiency in all forms of energy use, a growing U.S. population will eventually lead to some growth in demand that could be met by further development of renewables, including new forms such as environmentally friendly EGS. 3,500 3,000 Projections 1,500 1,000 500 0 Nuclear Electricity demand 4,916 1,392 Coal Natural Gas 2,500 2,000 1970 2020 A key characteristic of renewable hydrothermal geothermal power is the long­term stability of the resource and characteristic power curve. This power curve is valued by utility or grid operators for base­load conditions where load following or rapidly changing load operations do not need to be met. Geothermal plants run at all times through the year except in the case of repairs or scheduled maintenance. 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Figure 9.1 U.S. electricity generation by energy source, 1970­2020 (million megawatt­hours) (EIA, 2004). Renewables Petroleum * Numbered footnotes are located before the references at the end of this chapter. Electricity generation (106 MWh)

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