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Summary Nature utilizes CO2 to produce myriad substances that are consumed by humans and animals. Some industrial processes aim to accelerate the utilization of CO2. There are essentially three pathways for utilizing CO2: conversion of CO2 into fuel, utilization of CO2 as a feedstock for chemicals, and non-conversion use of CO2. The various utilization technologies together have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 3.7 gigatons/year (Gt/y) (approximately 10 % of total current annual CO2 emissions), both directly and by reducing use of fossil fuels. However, much greater reductions are possible through wider adoption of these technologies. Biochemical or chemical conversion of CO2 to fuels using biomass is an attractive technology for converting large quantities of CO2 into readily usable chemicals. Should only 5 % of liquid fossil fuel be replaced by biomass-based liquid fuel, then, based on a range of lifecycle CO2 emissions, a reduction of approximately 0.4 Gt/y of CO2 would result. CO2 conversion to minerals and insertion into polymers may have the benefit of sequestering CO2 in relatively stable matrices. If 10 % of global building material demand was met by conversion of CO2 to stable minerals, then a potential reduction of 1.6 Gt/y of CO2 has been estimated. Chemical and electrochemical conversion of CO2 into value-added chemical feedstock and intermediates is attractive in terms of fossil fuel avoidance. It is estimated that the total CO2 emissions avoidance potential of this pathway is about 0.3 Gt/y. The non-conversion uses of CO2, such as enhanced oil recovery and solvent use, have the potential to consume about 1.4 Gt/y of CO2. There is no single, universally applicable pathway for CO2 utilization. Depending on the industry, location, and other constraints, one or more technologies may fit better than others. An approach that integrates different methods may be the most practical solution for many applications. In this report, we present a small-scale demonstration of an electrochemical technology for converting CO2 into formic acid and formate salts. The technology appears to be promising, but several factors must be addressed to ensure commercial viability.PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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