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172 WASTE HEAT AND EUROPEAN CLEAN ENERGY POLICIES therefore be used less efficient compared to other fuels.’97 The default value of this factor is 0.667 but can be specified further if sufficient data is available. In case of waste heat electricity, the numbers inserted into the formula are partly hypothetical, as no chemical energy is actually being used; instead, the default mix of 75% CO2 and 25% CO mentioned above in respect to type (b) process emissions applies again.98 It should be noted that the 75% CO2 will not be allocated as type (b) process emissions any longer, as ‘[t]he content of CO2 in the waste gas is treated as part of the waste gas stream’99 and allocated as type (c) emission accordingly. The following calculation will determine the historical emissions for 100 tonnes of fully oxidised (i.e. pure CO2) off-gas. As 25% of this off-gas are considered CO, which is considerably lighter than CO2,100 the amount of waste gas is, for the purpose of the calculation, 90.91 t.101 The net calorific value is equal to the energy content of CO,102 but reduced in correspondence to the share of CO in the total off gas.103 The emission factor of waste gas is in principle the weight ratio of CO and CO2 divided by the energy content of CO. However, for every tonne of CO “combusted”, a large amount of primary CO2 is emitted, too,104 increasing the emission factor of the waste gas to 621.71 t CO2/TJ.105 The emission factor of natural gas is set at 56.1 t CO2/TJ.106 As almost all variables can be calculated in dependency to the total amount of off-gases (and hence be eliminated), the complete formula to calculate the historical activity level of y tonnes of off-gas is 10 y times 1.0334. It follows that, after the elimination of 11 rounding errors, 93.95 tonnes of 100 tonnes of off-gas are considered type (c) process emissions, of which 97% (91.14 tonnes) are allocated for free.107 Against the 75 tonnes (97%: 72.75 tonnes) that would have been recognized as type (b) process emissions and allocated for free without any heat recovery, this is a significant increase. 97 DG-CLIMA, Guidance Document 8 (2011) 5. 98 See DG-CLIMA, Guidance Document 2 (2011) 22. 99 DG-CLIMA, Guidance Document 8 (2011) 13 f. 100 C: 12 g/mole; O: 16 g/mole. Hence, CO: 28 g/mole; CO2: 44 g/mole. 101 75 t + 25 x 7 t = 75 t + 15.91 t. 11 102 10.1068 MJ/kg, or 0.01011 TJ/t; ’Fuel Gases – Engineering Toolbox, ‘Heating Values’ (The Engineering Toolbox)PDF Image | ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT
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