PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 007
NORTH EAST LAW REVIEW 159 3 THE EU REGIME GOVERNING THE ALLOCATION OF FREE ALLOWANCES One of the obvious requirements of an emission trading scheme is the initial availability of tradable allowances.24 The following section describes the methods used to allocate allowances to operators of industrial installations. 3.1 Auctioning and Free Allocation Throughout the first and second trading period 2005-2012, Member States were allowed to auction up to ten per cent of allowances,25 a right which they exercised only reluctantly.26 The vast majority had to be – and was – allocated for free. But, from 2013 on, free allocation is technically supposed to be the exception: ‘Member States shall auction all allowances which are not allocated free of charge’27. However, Article 10a(11) ETS-Directive provides that a share of 80% in 2013 (reducing by equal amounts to 30% in 2020) is to be allocated for free. The value determining the size of the share is called ‘carbon leakage exposure factor’ (CLEF),28 as its purpose is to moderate the exposure of European operators to carbon leakage by introducing the scheme incrementally.29 Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 CLEF 0.800 0.729 0.657 0.586 0.514 0.443 0.371 0.300 The highlighted numbers suggest that, in terms of its share in actual distribution, free allocation will remain more common than auctioning for a few more years. This raises the question whether or not it is misleading to call free allocation an ‘exception’. The Commission estimates that as early as 2013, at least 50% of the total amount of allowances will in fact be auctioned.30 This is possible because the CLEF does not relate to the total amount of allowances, but only to the ‘quantity determined in accordance with the measures referred to in paragraph 1 (of Article 10a).’31 These measures will be discussed in more detail later on; albeit, the quantity of allowances they determine is 24 Stefan Weishaar, 'CO2 emission allowance allocation mechanisms, allocative efficiency and the environment: a static and dynamic perspective' (2009) 24 European Journal of Law & Economics 29, 36. 25 ETS-Directive, art 10 in the version before its amendment by Directive 2009/29/EC. 26 Anne Theo Seinen, 'State aid aspects of the EU Emission Trading Scheme: The second trading period' (2007) (3) Competition Policy Newsletter 100. 27 ETS-Directive, art 10(1). 28 DG-CLIMA, 'Guidance Document no1 on the harmonized free allocation methodology for the EU- ETS post 2012 – General Guidance to the allocation methodology' (Guidance Document 1) (2012) para 5.4.1. 29 DG-CLIMA, 'Guidance Document no5 on the harmonized free allocation methodology for the EU- ETS post 2012 – Guidance on carbon leakage' (Guidance Document 5) (2011) para 3.1. 30 Commission, 'Auctioning'. 31 ETS-Directive, art 10a(11).PDF Image | ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT
PDF Search Title:
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEATOriginal File Name Searched:
Dirk_Boehler.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |