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158 WASTE HEAT AND EUROPEAN CLEAN ENERGY POLICIES As set out in the introduction, waste heat occurring in the ferro-alloy industry is the only form of waste heat that will be discussed within the scope of this paper as a source for electricity production. Hence, the term “industrial waste heat” will only refer to heat that is generated as described above. 2.2 Energy Recovery Energy recovery from ferro-alloy smelting facilities is site-specific; whether it is feasible or not depends on factors such as the chemical consistence of the off-gas, the specific usage of heat energy in the production process and third-party heat demand.19 Where the off-gas is rich in CO, the chemical energy content can be utilized by direct burning;20 in other cases, energy can be recovered only through the utilization of the heat itself. As the burning of CO is independent from the temperature of the off-gas, only the latter form of energy recovery will be discussed as energy recovery from industrial waste heat. Generally, the thermal energy content of industrial waste heat can be utilized in three different ways: (1) it can be recycled on site (heat recuperation), e.g. to dry or preheat the furnace charge; (2) it can be sold and transported via heat tubes to households or other industrial installations, so-called district heating and process heat; (3) it can be used for electricity production by a steam turbine on site.21 The first two forms depend greatly on the process design of the specific site and patterns of third-party demand. The third form of energy recovery (electricity production from industrial waste heat) produces a highly tradable product relatively independent from direct demand; therefore, it can be implemented where recuperation and district heating are not feasible. It uses boilers that convert the energy from the off-gases into overheated steam, which is then transformed into electric power through a turbine and a generator.22 The electrical output can be sold, but it can also be used in the energy- intensive process of ferro-alloy production itself.23 It is this form of energy recovery that will be the subject matter of this paper. 19 DG-JRC, 'Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries' (2009) 652; Commission, BREF Non Ferrous Metals (2001) 567. 20 Commission, BREF Non Ferrous Metals (2001) 565. 21 DG-JRC, 'Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries' (2009) 652; Commission, BREF Non Ferrous Metals (2001) xviii. 22 EFTA, Finnfjord Decision (2011) para 4.1.2. 23 ibid para 2.2.PDF Image | ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT
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