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NORTH EAST LAW REVIEW 153 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT – IN THE BLIND SPOT OF EUROPE’S CLEAN ENERGY POLICIES? DIRK BÖEHLER* In the face of climate change and diminishing reserves of fossil fuels, it is in the well understood interest of the world economy to reduce its carbon dependency. One important step towards this goal is to increase the efficiency of carbon-based processes by harnessing the waste heat energy that is generated through existing carbon-based energy generation methods. Historically, utilisation of waste heat energy for electricity production has been too expensive to be competitive; however with today’s increasing energy prices and allocation rewards for efficient techniques in the European energy policies, the demand for this technology is high. This paper will focus on the complex regulatory framework that governs waste heat recovery in the form of electricity generation from waste heat in the ferro-alloy industry. The paper will analyse the position and treatment of waste heat electricity in the EU-ETS through an analysis of the provisions within. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Electricity from Industrial Waste Heat In the face of climate change and diminishing reserves of fossil fuels, it is in the well- understood interest of the world economy to reduce its carbon dependency. One important step towards this goal is to increase the efficiency of carbon-based processes. Most of these processes take advantage of the fact that coal, oil and natural gas contain large amounts of chemical energy. This energy is transformed into, inter alia, electric or thermal energy or chemical energy in another medium. The generation of the former can be the main purpose of the transformation (e.g. in residential heating or the supply of process heat for industrial processes), but more often, it is a mere by-product that cannot be avoided in the generation of one of the other forms of energy. Generally speaking, this excess heat is waste heat. Using waste heat can contribute to the efficiency of the underlying processes significantly, as a greater energy yield requires less energy input for the same output. Utilisation for electricity production has in the past been too expensive to be competitive, and the infrastructure has been insufficient to enable comprehensive trade flows with heat as such. Recently, however, increasing energy prices and allocation rewards for efficient techniques in the European energy policies have created new incentives to invest in recuperation facilities. As waste heat occurs in virtually every intentional energy transformation, the variety of possible applications is vast. This paper, however, will only deal with waste heat recovery in the form of electricity generation from waste heat in the ferro-alloyPDF Image | ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT
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