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10–30°C. The proposed system is capable of producing an expander power output of approximately 50 W. A fundamental experiment was conducted and the expander performance for various rotation speeds was investigated. Furthermore, the expander and thermal efficiencies of the proposed system were calculated and analyzed. W P = m WF (h2− h1). (1) Process 2→3 is the heating of the working fluid at a constant pressure in the evaporator. The heat absorbed by the working fluid is given by Nomenclature m W h n Ρ T W P W T Q C Subscripts C E P T WF th : Mass flow rate, kg/s : Work, kJ/kg : Enthalpy, kJ/kg : Rotational speed, rpm : Pressure, MPa : Temperature, °C or K : Pump power, W : Turbine power, W : Heat released at condenser, W : Condenser : Evaporator : Pump : Turbine/Expander : Working fluid : Theoretical Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of closed Rankine cycle operation International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2:1 2010 Q E = m W F ( h 3 − h 2 ) . ( 2 ) WT 3 Evaporator 2 . . 4 Condenser QE Expander Pump WP 1 . QC . 23 1 4 Enthalpy h [kJ/kg] Greek symbols ηR_th : Theoretical thermal efficiency ηR1 : Thermal efficiency without pump power loss ηR2 : Thermal efficiency with pump power loss II. OPERATING PRINCIPLE AND EFFICIENCY DEFINITION OF ORC Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the operating principle of a closed Rankine cycle. This ORC uses an organic working fluid. The Rankine cycle consists of five key components: a pump, an evaporator, an expander, a condenser, and a working fluid. The evaporator and condenser are heat exchangers that absorb heat into the cycle and release it from the cycle [7]. The cycle commences when the pump pushes the working fluid to the evaporator. In the evaporator, the water at the hot source heats the working fluid to a saturated or superheated vapour state. Then, the vapour expands and rotates the expander to produce power. After the vapour leaves the turbine, the water at the cold source cools and condenses the working fluid into the liquid state in the condenser. Then, the pump re-circulates the fluid. Fig. 2 shows the pressure−enthalpy (p−h) diagram corresponding to Fig.1. Process 1→2 shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 is the isentropic compression by the pump. The ideal pump power is given by p−h diagram of closed Rankine cycle Process 3→4 is the isentropic expansion by the expander. The expander power is given by W = m (h − h ) T WF 3 4 (3) Process 4→1 is the cooling of the working fluid at a constant pressure in the condenser. The heat released from the working fluid is given by ( 4 ) C WF 4 1 The theoretical thermal efficiency of the ORC is calculated as follows: 12 Fig. 2 Q = m ( h − h ) Pressure P [MPa]PDF Image | Efficiency of Compact Organic Rankine Cycle System with Rotary-Vane-Type Expander for Low-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery
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