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64 The technology of U.S. geothermal drilling evolved from its beginning in the early 1970s with a flurry of activity in The Geysers field – a vapordominated steam field – in Northern California. Although international geothermal development began before the 1960s in places such as Italy at Lardarello, New Zealand, and Iceland, the development of The Geysers field in northern California was the first big U.S project. Problems encountered during drilling at The Geysers, such as fractured hard and abrasive formations, extreme lost circulation, and the higher temperatures were overcome by adaptation and innovation of existing oil and gas technology to the demanding downhole environment in geothermal wells. The drilling at The Geysers resulted in the reconfiguration of rigs specially outfitted for drilling in that environment. These early geothermal wells at The Geysers were perceived to lie in a category somewhere between “deep, hot, water wells” and “shallow oil/gas wells.” Later, other U.S. geothermal drilling activities started in the hydrothermal environments of Imperial Valley in California, the Coso field in East Central California, and Dixie Valley in Northern Nevada. Imperial Valley has a “layercake” arrangement of formations, very similar to a sedimentary oil and gas field. Here, geothermal fluids are produced in the boundaries of an area that has subsided due to the action of a major fault (San Andreas). The Salton Sea reservoir is in the Imperial Valley about 25 miles from El Centro, California. Some extremely productive wells have been drilled and are producing today at this site, including Vonderahe 1, which is the most productive well in the continental United States. An extension of the same type of resource crosses over into Northern Mexico near Cierro Prieto. Approximately 300 MWe are generated from the Salton Sea reservoir and more than 720 MWe from Ciero Prieto. Northern Nevada has numerous power producing fields. Dixie Valley is a relatively deep field (> 3,000 m or 9,000 ft) near a fault line. In parallel with these U.S. efforts, geothermal developments in the Philippines and Indonesia spurred on the supply and service industries. There was continual feedback from these overseas operations, because, in many cases, the same companies were involved – notably Unocal Geothermal, Phillips Petroleum (now part of ConocoPhillips), Chevron, and others. Similar to conventional geothermal drilling technology, drilling in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) – in which adequate rock permeability and/or sufficient naturally occurring fluid for heat extraction are lacking and must be engineered – originated in the 1970s with the Los Alamosled hot dry rock (HDR) project at Fenton Hill. Drilling efforts in EGS continued with the British effort at Rosemanowes in the 1980s, and the Japanese developments at Hijiori and Ogachi in the 1990s. Research and development in EGS continues today with an EGS European Union project at Soultz, France, and an Australian venture at Cooper Basin (see Chapter 4 for details of these and other projects). Firstgeneration EGS experiments are also ongoing at Desert Peak in Nevada and Coso in southern California, which is considered to be a young volcanic field. Experience at these sites has significantly improved EGS drilling technology. For example, rigs used to drill shallow geothermal wells rarely include a topdrive, which has proven to be beneficial. However, there is still much that can be improved in terms of reducing EGS drilling costs. As a result of field experience at conventional hydrothermal and EGS sites, drilling technology has matured during the past 30 years. To a large degree, geothermal drilling technology has been adapted Chapter 6 Drilling Technology and Costs 6.2 Review of Geothermal Drilling Technology 6.2.1 Early geothermal/EGS drilling developmentPDF Image | Drilling Technology and Costs
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