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13.1.6 Indirect Cycle A direct cycle is the most efficient approach from the electricity production point of view. There are no additional losses associated with a separate intermediate primary loop, which can cause significant efficiency reduction, especially in the case of a gas- cooled primary system. In addition, introduction of an indirect cycle significantly complicates the plant layout and increases its cost. However, since the supercritical COB2B cycle is very attractive as a replacement for the steam cycle for any reactor that operates with core outlet temperatures above ~500oP PC the indirect cycle can significantly broaden the spectrum of possible applications. Basically there are three different groups of reactors that can utilize the supercritical COB2B cycle: gas cooled reactors that use either helium or COB2B, and liquid metal and molten salt cooled reactors; the latter two are sufficiently similar for present purposes to treat them as a single case. Therefore, two different analyses were performed, one for the helium/COB2B indirect cycle (which serves to model the gas / gas indirect cycle) and one for the PbBi/COB2B indirect cycle (which serves to model liquid metal or molten salt-to-gas indirect cycles). The main reason for using these two cases is that in the case of a gas-to-gas indirect cycle the pumping power on the primary side is a significant contributor to the efficiency reduction, which is not the case for molten salts or liquid metals. Moreover the heat transfer capabilities of gas and molten salts or liquid metals are significantly different. The goal of the indirect cycle optimization is to minimize the capital cost of the plant on a $/kWBeB basis. Note that capital cost is affected by efficiency reduction from both additional pumping power and lower turbine inlet temperature due to the intermediate heat exchanger and by the cost of additional hardware. The inlet and outlet reactor temperature were changed in these analyses. The cycle turbine inlet temperature was fixed at 550oP PC (i.e. the basic design was used). For every set of inlet and outlet reactor temperatures the mass flow rate and pumping power around the primary loop were assessed. To simplify the calculation procedure the power transmitted in the intermediate heat exchanger remains constant at 600 MWBthB and the reactor power was lowered by the pumping power supplied to the pump or circulator (both with efficiency of 85%). The volume and cost of the intermediate heat exchanger were calculated as well as the overall 283PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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