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Trends, Challenges and Opportunities Egypt is also developing export capabilities of renewable energy parts, components and services for the African market. Egypt’s capacity for green electricity exports is limited by a high domestic electricity demand due to large population and economic growth. An optimal energy system in Egypt would require the country to import power when needed and export it when the production exceeds domestic demand (DII 2012b). In view of domestic demand constraints and the substantial national manufacturing potential, Egypt focuses on developing capabilities for exports of renewable energy supply technologies (Vidican 2012). As a result of these prospective developments, European countries could import up to 20 per cent of their electricity needs from North Africa, at a significantly lower cost (DII 2012b). Aside from electricity exports, renewable energy developments also offer opportunities for building capabilities in manufacturing energy system parts and components and in service provision along the value chain for solar and wind energy technologies, as exemplified by Egypt (Vidican 2012, World Bank 2011). Challenges: The process of facilitating cross-regional electricity trade faces many challenges in terms of infrastructure needs, investment costs, know-how and technology development, and political agreement at the regional and cross-regional level. Perhaps the most pressing challenges relate to the clarification of political and institutional framework conditions, necessary for enabling exports of green electricity from MENA to Europe. These include the import price of electricity, the establishment of a new inter-regional feed-in-tariff for green electricity from the MENA region, and the share of electricity generated in MENA assigned for exports to Europe. Moreover, the harmonisation of policy regimes for renewable sources of energy across the region, along with robust national strategies for renewable energy development, is critical for enabling such an unprecedented cross-regional project. The infrastructure for electricity exports is critical. This includes the HVDC lines that will need to be built and the lines for overland transmission. In addition, the development and upgrade of regional grid connections within the MENA region is crucial with regard to the export of renewable energy (Fritzsche et al. 2010). The costs of such large-scale cross-regional project are high and require the use of innovative financing instruments. Another set of challenges relate to technology transfer and acquisition of know-how on renewable energy technology in the MENA region. As knowledge on renewable energy technologies is concentrated mostly in Europe, technology transfer mechanisms are needed, for example, through joint ventures, technology acquisitions, or public-private partnerships. In addition, training programmes at the professional and vocational levels will have to be put in place to support the process of national capability building. While assessments of gaps in the provision of skills for the renewable energy sector exist (MEMEE 2012), a thorough assessment of the job creation potential is largely missing in these countries. Job creation from localising manufacturing and services and technological upgrading in the private sector is critical for improving economic development and competitiveness objectives in the MENA region. The Moroccan Energy Strategy presents a relatively conservative job creation scenario, whereby 13,300 jobs in the renewable energy sector could be created by 2020 (MEMEE 2011). In Egypt, the implementation of the national wind energy targets is estimated to generate 75,000 green jobs by 2020 (El Sewedy 2009). Overall, rough estimates show that, by 2050, up to one million jobs could be created as a result of large scale renewable energy developments in the MENA region (DII 2012b). Ways forward: From a technical point of view, the export of green electricity from MENA to Europe appears realistic. Solar and wind energy potentials are high enough, costs and environmental impacts are limited, and the technology and materials are available. Yet, several challenges need to be overcome. As a priority, it is necessary to put in place the political and institutional framework conditions in both MENA and Europe to enable large investments and to develop a consistent regulatory framework for green energy imports from MENA that would ultimately offer higher security to investors. Besides enabling electricity exports, investments in renewable energy developments also offer opportunities for socio-economic developments in the region, integrating measures to expand energy access, increase local value added in terms of jobs, private sector competitiveness, and technological upgrading. 239 Renewable EnergyPDF Image | Renewable Energy
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