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and Trade electricity needs, while reducing air pollution linked with coal-fired electricity generation. Mongolia could act as a “supergrid” in the Eastern and Central region, supplying neighbouring countries with clean energy (UNEP 2012d). It has the potential to generate 2.6 terawatts of renewable energy per year (Khashchuluun 2012). In Ethiopia, the Adama Wind Power Project, financed by the Export-Import Bank of China, will power Ethiopia’s development and also provide a source of revenue from sales to neighbouring countries (Tekleberhan 2012). The potential amount of power that could be generated by PV systems, concentrated solar power (CSP) plants and other solar energy technology is practically unlimited, especially in developing countries with high solar radiation. Existing CSP plants produce most of the world’s energy derived from direct radiation. A decisive advantage of CSP, as compared to other renewable energy technologies such as PV, is the large-scale storability of CSP-captured heat, which allows for base load electricity generation. Solar power, especially CSP, also provides significant economic diversification and trade opportunities in the transition to a green economy for many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region that are currently exporting or importing oil. Box 14 gives a detailed account of the potential for solar and wind energy exports from MENA. Box 14. MENA – green energy exports to Europe The DESERTEC Foundation aims to create a global renewable energy plan based on the concept of harnessing sustainable power from sites where renewable sources of energy are more abundant, and transferring it through high-voltage direct current transmission to consumption centres. All kinds of renewable energy sources are envisioned, but the sun-rich deserts of the world play a special role. In the EU-MENA region, the intention would be to supply energy from MENA’s deserts both to MENA countries and to EU countries. The pioneering study “Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power” (German Aerospace Centre 2006) substantiated that solar electricity imports from CSP produced in MENA countries could provide a renewable energy base load and balance power for a sustainable European energy mix (Trieb et al. 2012). The large potential for solar (and wind) energy in the MENA region is evidenced by the need of a sole 0.2 per cent of MENA territory for CSP plants to supply 15 per cent of the expected European electricity demand in 2050. In light of this vast natural energy potential, industrial initiatives such as the DESERTEC Industrial Initiative (DII) (DII 2012a) and MedGrid (MedGrid 2012) have started to develop strategic business plans for the MENA region. In addition, the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) has proposed a Mediterranean Solar Plan to assist with the development of a strategic road map for energy market integration between the two regions. Moreover, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament on the promotion of the use of renewable energy from renewable sources stipulates that physical imports of clean energy from MENA can count towards the renewable energy targets of EU countries. However, green electricity exports from the MENA region are not expected to begin before 2020 (Trieb et al. 2012). For MENA countries, the use of widely available renewable energy (i.e. high solar insulation and wind resource) could result in benefits such as enhanced energy security, technology transfer, and income from exports of electricity as well as parts, components and services, private sector development and job creation. Moreover, large-scale deployment of renewable energy in the MENA region is likely to contribute towards reducing costs and increasing the economic competitiveness of renewable energy relative to conventional fuels (DII 2012b). Energy demand in the MENA region is increasing at an annual rate of 6-8 per cent and expected to double by 2020 and to triple by 2030 (IEA 2010a). While covering this increasing domestic demand, electricity generation from renewable sources is estimated to allow for exports to Europe. Trade opportunities: Due to its large renewable energy resource availability and its relatively smaller domestic market, Morocco has the potential to act as frontrunner for renewable energy development in the MENA region. In June 2011, the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the DESERTEC Industrial Initiative, agreeing on the development of a large solar project aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of exporting solar electricity to Europe. DII also cooperates with UfM in advancing the Mediterranean Solar Plan, with an emphasis on stimulating electricity exports (DII 2012a). Morocco is estimated to have the capacity to produce almost five times the amount of power needed to satisfy its domestic demand. As a result, the potential for energy exports is sizable. 238PDF Image | Renewable Energy
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