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and Trade Box 8. World leaders in selected climate-relevant technologies World leaders Technology Production and exports Technology use Ethanol (from sugar cane) Biodiesel (from jatropha) Wind energy Solar photovoltaic Compact fluorescent lamps Solar water heaters Coal gasification Heat pumps Hybrid fuel vehicles Wood waste use Source: Brewer 2008, UN 2012d Brazil India China, India China China, Indonesia Mexico China China Japan Sweden USA, Brazil India, Indonesia, EU China, Germany Germany EU China China, USA Switzerland, EU USA, EU, Japan Sweden 232 Nevertheless, participation of the poorest economies in technology flows is as yet negligible. The majority of developing countries continue to face significant technology gaps and barriers to access. A number of policies continue to constrain South-South technology transfer, including market access barriers and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Concerning market access, one recent survey found that import duties and other non-tariff barriers in large developing countries for solar photovoltaic products range from 12 to 18 per cent and 41 to 63 per cent (tariff equivalent), respectively (UN 2012d). Green patents The role of technology transfer, and in particular IPRs, in climate change technologies has emerged as a particularly contentious issue in the past few years (UNEP, EPO & ICTSD 2010). Many developing countries argue that IPRs can be a barrier to the transfer of ESTs and have proposed addressing elements of the IPRs regime under international agreements on climate change (Correa 2013). While acknowledging possible exclusionary effects of IPRs, other countries see IPRs as essential to fostering both innovation and the transfer of technologies (Zhuang 2011). An effective regime of IPRs can balance the different country concerns and enhance transfers of technology internationally. The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) sets out minimum standards for the protection and enforcement of IPRs. In particular, Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement states that: “developed country Members shall provide incentives to enterprises and institutions in their territories for the purpose of promoting and encouraging technology transfer to least-developed country Members in order to enable them to create a sound and viable technological base.” EST transfers can lead to a faster and cheaper adoption of new technologies for the benefit of developing countries’ innovation and long-term competitiveness in the international market for renewable energy production. In the market for renewable energy supply products, companies – which in some developing countries may be state-owned enterprises or joint ventures between a local and a developed-country firm – must generally obtain a license to use a given patent-protected technology. Alternatively, countries can develop the national capacity to research and develop the relevant products independent from a foreign licensor (ICTSD 2007, UNCTAD 2011a). The number of patents registered in the renewable energy sector in different countries could provide an indication of the dissemination of EST across borders. According to the World Bank, which analysed increases of patents in Asia and Latin America, “the importance of green patenting as measured in absolute numbers in developing regions is rising” (Dutz and Sharma 2012).PDF Image | Renewable Energy
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