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and Trade fuel cell vehicles a feasible alternative to conventional vehicles will entail significant investment costs for both the private and public sector, depending on the country. 6.3.5 Technology transfer of environmentally sound technologies In many developing countries, the national renewable energy sector faces many barriers to development, due partly to a lack of expertise and limited access to appropriate technologies and knowledge. Especially least developed countries (LDCs) are severely challenged with respect to the science, technology and innovation of renewable energy. LDCs also face the challenge of having to bridge the digital divide and technology gap in support of sustainable development and poverty eradication (UN 2012c). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines technology transfer as: “a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change among different stakeholders such as Governments, private sector entities, financial institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and research/educational institutions” (IPCC 2000). Environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) are technologies that have the potential for significantly improved environmental performance as relative to other technologies. These potentials include polluting less, using resources in a more sustainable manner, recycling more of their wastes and products, and handling residual wastes in a more environmentally acceptable way than the technologies for which they are substitutes. ESTs are not just individual technologies. They can also be defined as total systems that include know-how, procedures, goods and services, and equipment, as well as organisational and managerial procedures for promoting environmental sustainability (UNEP 2008b). Technology development of ESTs and its rapid diffusion are considered crucial for tackling climate change and other environmental challenges. Enhancing technology transfer towards developing countries is an integral part of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as stated in its Article 4. In particular, the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP)-16 in 2010 established a Technology Mechanism, which includes a Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN). The CTCN aims to stimulate technology cooperation and to enhance the development and transfer of climate-sound technologies that support climate change mitigation and adaptation. To pursue these aims, the Network will provide technical assistance and support, especially to developing countries. With the designation in 2013 of UNEP as host institution of the CTCN, the mechanism became fully operational. World leaders at Rio+20 reaffirmed the importance of transferring ESTs to developing countries, as illustrated in Box 6. Box 6. Rio+20 and technology transfer Rio+20 recognised, in particular, the important contribution of science and technology to sustainable development. The Rio+20 Outcome Document calls for improving clean technology transfer and diffusion, research and development (R&D), capacity building and stakeholder participation. In particular, paragraph 273 requests relevant UN agencies to identify options for a facilitation mechanism that promotes the development, transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies by, among other things, assessing the technology needs of developing countries, the options to address those needs and the required capacity building efforts. In response to paragraph 273 of the Outcome Document, the UN Secretary-General made recommendations to the General Assembly for a technology facilitation mechanism. His report provides an overview of proposals and outlines recommendations on the mechanism’s functions, format and working methods, as well as a potential global way forward, with a view to achieving an operational technology facilitation mechanism before the end of 2013 (UN 2012d). 230PDF Image | Renewable Energy
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