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Trends, Challenges and Opportunities Developing economies made up 35 per cent of this total investment in 2011. The largest shares of investments in renewable energy have occurred in Brazil, China and India, which together account for almost US$ 60 billion, or 90 per cent, of developing country investments. In 2011, India displayed the fastest expansion rate for investment in any large renewable energy market, with a 62 per cent increase to US$ 12 billion (UNEP SEFI 2012). Some 13 per cent of total investment in 2011 took place outside emerging and developed economies. This proportion has been above 10 per cent in each of the last eight years. In 2011, total investment in the Americas, excluding Brazil and the United States, was US$ 7 billion, while in the Middle East and Africa, it was US$ 6.5 billion. In Asia-Oceania, outside China and India, investment amounted to US$ 21.1 billion (UNEP SEFI 2012). Enhanced cost-effectiveness of renewable energy technologies is promoting accessibility to household and small business markets. This is reflected by the growing demand for small-scale renewable energy finance, particularly in developing countries, which according to the Climate Policy Initiative accounted for approximately 24 per cent of global climate financial flows in 2010-11 (CPI 2011). 6.3.2 The removal of environmentally harmful energy subsidies A major source of investment for renewable energy can arise from a reform of fossil fuel subsidies. These have, for many years, demonstrated to artificially lower energy prices, encouraging wasteful energy consumption and making renewable and more efficient technology less competitive. According to the IEA 2012 World Energy Outlook, fossil fuel subsidies amounted to US$ 523 billion in 2011, almost 30 per cent more than in 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables. It is estimated that phasing out all fossil fuel consumption and production subsidies by 2020 could reduce global primary energy demand by 5 per cent and energy-related CO2 emissions by 5.8 per cent (IEA 2011a). Figure 4 illustrates the large gap between fossil fuel and clean energy subsidies. Figure 4. Estimated global energy consumption subsidies for fossil fuels and for renewables in industrial and developing countries, 2008-10 Source: Worldwatch Institute 2013 (compiled from IEA and OECD data) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 Renewables Electricity Gas (Industrial Countries) Coal (Developing Countries) Biofuels Oil (Industrial Countries) Gas (Developing Countries) Coal (Industrial Countries) Fossil Fuel Electricity Oil (Developing Countries) 227 US$ billions, nominal Renewable EnergyPDF Image | Renewable Energy
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