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Trends, Challenges and Opportunities trade in natural resources is limited largely to trade in biofuels and biodiesel, mainly due to the problems of transporting and effectively storing renewably sourced energy (see section 6.3). Instead, the bulk of trade in the renewable energy sector is made up of trade in manufactured products and components for manufactured products. As Figures 1 and 2 illustrate, markets and trade in renewable energy products and biofuels have shown significant growth rates. Figure 1. Markets for renewable energy (RE) technologies (in US$ billions) Wind (new installation capital costs) 8.0 51.4 63.5 60.5 71.5 Source: Clean Edge, Clean Energy Trends 2012, March 2012 Figure 2. Growth in trade of renewable energy equipment v. merchandise products 2004 2008 2009 2010 2011 Solar PV (modules, system components, and installation) 7.2 29.6 36.1 71.2 91.6 Biofuels (global production and wholesale pricing of ethanol and biodiesel) n/a 34.8 44.9 56.4 83.0 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2007 = 100 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 World merchandise imports World imports of renewable energy equipment Source: OECD (2013) based on data obtained from the UN Comtrade database and the WTO. Imports of renewable energy equipment comprise all products included under “Renewable energy plant” in the WTO’s Friends list of environmental goods. The underlying data are nominal US dollars that have been normalised so that 2007=100. The two most significant national markets for trade in manufactured renewable energy products are the United States and China. Solar energy product exports are the largest component of US-China clean energy trade for both countries. Combined, firms based in the two nations are estimated to have traded more than US$ 6.5 billion worth of products and services in 2011. More than US$ 923 million worth of wind energy goods and services were exchanged between the two countries in 2011. In addition, trade in energy smart technology, such as smart metering and lithium-ion batteries, constitutes more than US$ 1.1 billion worth of equipment traded (The Pew Charitable Trusts 2013). To a large extent, cross-border trade in energy and related investment is subject to bilateral treaties. However, in order to ensure predictability and legal certainty, enforceable multilateral rules have an important role to play (Trebilcock et al. 2012). Manufactured products for energy production, cross-border energy services 223 Renewable EnergyPDF Image | Renewable Energy
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