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and Trade • Climate change and emissions: Energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the main drivers of anthropogenic climate change, exacerbating patterns of global warming and environmental degradation. Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fuel combustion are reported to have reached a record high of 31.6 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011 (IEA 2012b). • Health and biodiversity: The processing and use of energy resources pose significant health challenges, pertaining to increased local air pollution, a decrease in water quality and availability, and increased introduction of hazardous substances into the biosphere (UNEP 2010a). For example, the inhalation of toxic smoke from biomass combustion can cause lung disease and is estimated to kill nearly two million people a year (IEA 2010a). Adverse health effects from energy use are aggravated by increasing instances of land degradation and deforestation, leading to a simultaneous loss of biodiversity. • energy security: The growth in global population and rising incomes will increase energy demand and result in upward pressures on energy prices and growing risks of importer dependency on a limited range of energy suppliers. Greening the energy sector, including by substantially increasing investment in renewable energy and the share of renewable energy in all economic sectors, provides an opportunity to make a significant contribution to addressing these challenges. This was recently highlighted in the UN’s launch of the “Sustainable Energy for All” initiative, as set out in Box 1. Box 1. The UN’s initiative on Sustainable Energy for All The UN Secretary-General launched in January 2012 the “Sustainable Energy for All” initiative. The importance of the initiative was emphasised in the Rio+20 Outcome Document (UN 2012a, paragraph 129). The objectives of the initiative are to (i) ensure universal access to modern energy services, (ii) double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (from 15 to 30 per cent) by 2030, and (iii) reduce global projected electricity consumption from buildings and industry (energy efficiency) by 14 per cent. The key for meeting these objectives is to provide sustainable energy for all – energy that is more accessible, cleaner and more efficient. A High-Level Group, composed of representatives from business and public service, will mobilise commitments from governments, the private sector, and civil society partners to take actions that will make sustainable energy a reality for all over the next two decades. Under this initiative, more than US$ 50 billion have already been mobilised from the private sector and investors. Source: UN 2012b 220 6.2.2 Current state of renewable energy There are various definitions of renewable energy. The IEA, for example, defines renewable energy as follows: “Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly or indirectly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and ocean resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources” (IEA n.d.). The share of renewable energy is close to 20 per cent of global final consumption. As capacity continues to grow and prices for renewable energy and its equipment continue to fall, this share is likely to further increase. Along with measures to promote energy efficiency, the increase in renewable energy will provide many benefits to both the global economy and individual countries. The adoption of renewable energy technologies can help reduce the carbon intensity of growth (Sims et al. 2007). By leapfrogging extensive use of conventional energy systems, developing countries can avoid the challenges of unsustainable energy infrastructures and processes that face the developed world. With the right policy and financial frameworks, a wide range of renewable energy technologies can become accessible to a large potential market, including decentralised populations in developing countries.PDF Image | Renewable Energy
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