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P. Colonna, S. Rebay, J. Harinck and A. Guardone equally small deviations in the predicted flow field and calculated performance parameters. This assumption can be misleading when predicting performance parameters and flow features of turbomachinery that operates, at least partly, in a thermodynamic region where the ideal gas assumption does not hold. This is particularly relevant for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbines. Several recent studies on the computation of real-gas flows over airfoils or cascade configurations are reported in the literature. As an example, turbulent viscous real gas flows are computed in1 using an heterogeneous thermodynamic model to simulate the flow through the nozzle of a radial ORC turbine. The simulation of a steam turbine stage is presented in2 and employs a look-up table approach to compute the fluid properties from the IAPWS standard thermodynamic model for water. A three-dimensional viscous CFD solver for turbomachinery applications using a local fitting to property tables for the calculation of the fluid properties is presented in3. A similar solver employing a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state (EoS) is shown in4. The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of different equations of state (EoS) on the computed aerodynamic performance of an ORC turbine blade. The flow field through the 2D nozzle blade of an existing turbine operated with the siloxane MDM as working fluid is chosen as an example. The fluid is modeled with the polytropic (i.e., with constant specific heats) ideal gas law, the Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera cubic EoS and the state-of-the-art Span-Wagner EoS. The thermodynamic models considered are of increasing complexity and accuracy and therefore require increasing computational resources. The evaluation of the different thermodynamic models has been performed by means of inviscid flow simulations which, in the case of attached flows at high Reynolds number, allows an accurate computation of aerodynamic loads, outlet flow angles and mass flows. All the above mentioned quantities are expected to be affected by the thermodynamic description of the fluid. The CFD computations have been performed with the novel zFlow program.5 The distinguishing features of this code are (1) the usage of a high resolution upwind space discretization method for general unstructured and hybrid grids which are very well suited for the accurate computation of high Mach number flows and allows for high geometrical flexibility and versatility, (2) the use of an implicit time integration scheme which proved to be crucial for the effective computations of fluids characterized by complex and therefore very computationally demanding EoS, and (3) the integration with an extensive library of thermodynamic models for both pure fluids and mixtures which allows for the realistic simulation of fluid flow phenomena which cannot be predicted by means of the simple polytropic ideal gas model commonly employed by most CFD codes. The effect of the different fluid models on the flow field through the nozzle blade is evaluated by comparing Mach number fields, pressure coefficient and Mach number distributions along the blade, outlet flow angles, mass flows and shock losses for both design and off-design operating conditions. It is however to be noticed that this nozzle 2PDF Image | REAL-GAS EFFECTS IN ORC TURBINE FLOW SIMULATIONS
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