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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. to the high cost of harvesting. An exception is the transport to Europe by train and/or ship, which adds a significant financial burden to the processes examined. Concentration of energy to reduce transport costs: It was hoped that conversion of wood to liquid fuels or gases would reduce the cost of transporting energy to the end user. This is indeed the case; for example, transport costs are reduced considerably when transporting ethanol instead of logs. On the other hand, a quote obtained for pellet transport showed no significantly improved economics compared to log transport, although pellet transport charges can be overrated (i.e., high freight rate in comparison to log transport). Counting in the cost of harvesting and processing, the conversion into more condensed fuels does not necessarily make economic sense. For the option examined (500 km truck transport), logging trucks remain one of the least-cost options to deliver a given amount of energy to the user, even if chipping cost is included. However, there are other benefits in energy conversions, such as the opening up of different markets, and possibly the sale of co-products, such as in the case of the Lignol process. As transportation is not the only factor, conversion into more condensed biofuels may be an attractive option to open up new markets for wood-derived products. Economics: Economics were assessed based on preliminary data from the literature for several processes that are not yet commercial. Several scenarios (bio-liquid, overseas pellet and briquette sale) do not break even with the full cost of bugwood as a feedstock. Especially at the higher feedstock cost modelled, only methanol with hydrogen enrichment or off-grid CHP appear to yield an ROI high enough to justify using bugwood. The other options would require a subsidy to achieve a 10% ROI, or would have to source cheaper feedstocks to supplement bugwood and reduce overall feedstock costs. GHG emission reductions: The amount that GHG emissions are reduced by each bugwood use depends on two factors – the energetic efficiency of the process, and the type of fuel that is displaced. Despite its efficient use of biomass, a CHP plant will only displace slightly over 0.5 t of GHG per bdt of bugwood feedstock. Several other options, which displace either gasoline, diesel or natural gas, will achieve a displacement of about 1 tonne of CO2e per tonne of bugwood. Only when bugwood is (directly, as pellets or as briquettes) used to displace coal in cofiring, the benefits can grow to over 1.5 tonnes of CO2e per tonne of bugwood. Ethanol (Lignol Process) achieves emission reductions of about 1.25 t of CO2e/bdt, mainly due to the fact that it displaces gasoline and also due to the lignin, which displaces resins in wood products manufacturing that require a lot of energy to produce. Note that the above calculations are reasonably precise, but would not be detailed enough to claim carbon credits in a sales agreement, i.e. a more detailed life-cycle analysis would be required. 6.1.2 Evaluation of the Technologies Examined The following paragraphs discuss the main issues for each of the technologies examined. Beyond the immediate results obtained in previous chapters, this chapter looks at the larger issues and assesses the overall feasibility and long-term viability of each technology option (summarized in Table 6.1.1). Pellets: A pellet plant only relying on bugwood for its feedstock will find it difficult to break even. Using the parameters of $106/bdt harvesting cost and $156/t market value for pellets ($170/t for Europe), none of the pellet plant scenarios were able to reach an ROI of at least 10%. In the most favourable scenario, which is the use of pellets in an Alberta coal plant, the incentive required to break even is $8 per m3 of bugwood harvested. Exporting the pellets to Alberta for co-firing in coal plants will only work if the coal plants are ready to pay the full price for this feedstock, but the economics are very tight. There is no economic motivation for coal plants to use pellets as a feedstock at a price of over $150 per tonne. However, counting in benefits such Page 88PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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