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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Evaluation 6.1.1 Summary of Findings The aim of this study was to assess seven technologies that could be used to convert BC bugwood into energy. The review evaluated the technologies based on their economics, suitability and technology readiness, and their GHG emission reduction potentials. Bugwood resource: Bugwood will most likely not remain a resource for longer than 10 to 15 years. By 2025, most dead trees older than 10 years may have fallen, been destroyed by wildfires or otherwise be of sufficiently poor quality to make harvesting uneconomic. It is therefore necessary to devise processes that can amortize in a short time, or are able to process other feedstocks once the bugwood is used up. Moisture content: The average moisture content of bugwood is not known with certainty. Estimates are that moisture content decreases quickly after death, and that older trees (four years or older) have a moisture content of no more than 19 to 25%. An average moisture content of 20% was assumed to apply for old and very old (10 years or older) wood, which is the feedstock modelled in this study. Harvesting: Harvesting is most likely to occur not as a separate operation to salvage bugwood, rather the bugwood will be co-harvested with more valuable types of wood (including bugwood sawlogs). A large-scale harvesting operation can produce up to 8,000 m3 of wood a day, and a large percentage thereof may be bugwood. Processing capacities should be able to cope with these amounts of feedstock. Harvesting activities are also limited by seasonal issues such as soil moisture, fire hazard and access. Small-scale approach: The initial approach of this work was to assess small-scale, decentralised plants which could be operated at the harvesting site, at the local log sorts or other nearby locations. Reducing log transport distances and concentrating the energy contained in wood as bio-liquid, methanol etc. was thought to reduce costs enough to make small-scale technologies more viable, and would allow them to follow the harvesting operation if devised as mobile or semi-mobile plants. However, due mainly to the scale of harvesting operations in BC (up to several thousand m3 per day), the amounts of bugwood expected to be processed and the energy needs linked to their processing do generally not allow for processing in remote locations. Some applications, such as bio-oil or cellulignin briquettes, may be successfully run in remote locations (with diesel engines or small CHP systems to provide electricity), but may then not be adequate to link in with larger harvesting operations. Harvesting vs. transport cost: It was also found that the main factor influencing plant economics is not transport cost, but the harvesting cost, which was estimated to be $106 per bdt ($40.50 per m3), and also modelled as $68.55/bdt in order to allow for a comparison of the results with the BIOCAP study. Harvesting cost is increased due to weather-related interruptions of harvesting operations, and the complexities of bugwood as compared to healthy trees, such as increased dampness of the soil. Transport cost for logs up to 100 km represents only 20-25% of delivered cost. Longer distances are not anticipated for energy uses due to the abundance of bugwood and economic restraints that do not allow for higher transportation costs. Likewise, the transport of pellets, bio- liquid and other energy products does usually not make or break plant economics if compared Page 87PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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