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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. briquetting only takes small energy inputs, whereas ethanol, synthetic natural gas (SNG) and CHP require around one-quarter of the amount of energy in the feedstock for processing. Bio- liquid production is a very energy-intensive process, using as much as 50% of the amount of energy contained in the feedstock. Methanol production through gasification is even less efficient, as 67% of the feedstock energy is lost during processing. However, adding electrolytic hydrogen to the process strongly increases the overall methanol yield from bugwood. Note that this does not make sense in all scenarios: for example, when electricity is generated with coal at 35% conversion efficiency, the overall energy loss would discourage the addition of hydrogen to the gasification process. In any case, only about 20% more energy is gained from this process than is consumed. The graph in Figure 5.1.1 has the disadvantage that the CHP option actually includes the energy conversion step. Whereas, all other threads simply produce a biofuel (and co-products) which is then converted to electricity, heat or motional energy at another location. To account for this last step, energy conversion was assumed to be 35% efficient for electricity generation in a coal plant (pellets) and 45% in a (small) combined cycle natural gas plant (cellulignin pellets); bio-liquid conversion was also assumed to be 35% efficient in electricity production, ethanol use in vehicles is modelled with a 20% conversion efficiency in the internal combustion car engine (methanol use in diesel engines as 23%), and SNG is taken as 85% efficient if used for residential space heating. The use of bark (pellets only) is also modelled as 35% efficient, assuming a case where bark is mixed into the pellets for use in coal or biomass power plants. Heat conversion (pellets/briquettes) is assumed to be 76% efficient in residential biomass furnaces (higher efficiencies are possible). The CHP numbers are unchanged. To compare all threads in terms of energy use (see Figure 5.1.2), the total energy output (energy produced in the conversion process, plus co-product energy displacement) it divided by the total energy input (original feedstock energy plus all fossil and electric energy inputs for processing and transport) to calculate overall processing efficiency. For transparency, the types of energy obtained are given different colours to distinguish the quality of energy (electricity, automotive fuel, heat). 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Veh. Fuel Heat Co-product Electricity Figure 5.1.2 Processing Efficiency Comparison (All Energy Outputs Over All Energy Inputs, HHV Basis) Page 81 Processing Efficiency (%) Pellets (Case 2) Pellets (Case 1) Briquettes (Alberta) Briquettes (heat) Bio-Liquid Methanol Methanol (H2) E th anol Gasification CHPPDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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