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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 5 ENERGY AND COST COMPARISONS 5.1 Energy Comparisons Figure 5.1.1 compares the energy balances of the technologies examined in this report. It shows both the energy contained in the products of each process, and the energy (both external and internal feedstock use) consumed by the process over its cycle from harvest to delivery of the product. A simple process such as de-barking will take away about 10% of the energy contained in the original feedstock. The bark is sometimes used in the process, e.g. to generate heat, or can be removed and used as a feedstock in another facility, such as a biomass CHP plant. The graph designates bark residues separately from other co-products, such as lignin and acetic acid (ethanol production) or electricity (CHP, with heat being the main product). Note that the CHP option already includes the energy conversion step (conversion to heat and electricity), which is not included in any of the other options. CHP is therefore a very energy-efficient option, whereas other options are likely to result in lower energy use factors once the conversion step is included (conversion efficiencies in engines and for power conversion is between 20 and 35%, whereas heat conversion can be 75 to 95%). However, the heat of a CHP plant is only partly used if it is used for district heating (during the heating season), reducing the overall energy payback. There is year-round heat utilization, only if the heat is used in industrial processes. 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 -5.00 -10.00 -15.00 -20.00 -25.00 Original feedstock energy (20.29 GJ/bdt) Includes energy conversion step By-products Bark Energy in Product Transport Processing Harvesting Figure 5.1.1 Comparison of the Original Feedstock Energy Contained in Products and Energy Consumed for Harvesting, Processing and Transportation A low energy content in the product should not be interpreted as a “red flag” for a given process: for example, the Lignol process only concentrates 41% of the feedstock energy in ethanol. However, several other valuable co-products are created, which contain most of the remaining feedstock energy, but have a higher market value than could be obtained when using them for energy recovery. While the top part of the graph shows the useful energy obtained from the process, the bottom part indicates process energy inputs. As expected, pelletizing and Page 80 GJ/bdt Pellets (Case 2) Briquettes (Alberta) Bio-Liquid Methanol (ind. Fluid./O2) Methanol (with H2) E th anol Gasification CHPPDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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