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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. to feed the synthetic natural gas (SNG) into the pipeline as it is produced at a pressure of 15 bar. Biomass Feed 20% moisture Harvesting Transport to Gasification plant Processing 3.2% Internal electricity use 67% energy in SNG 1.8% energy input (fossil fuel) 0.4% energy input (fossil fuel) 29.8% energy loss 1.9% electricity input Figure 4.7.4 Energy Balance of Wood Conversion to SNG 4.7.5 Manufacturing and Transport Costs No transportation costs are incurred by this system, apart from feedstock transportation because the gas produced is transported via the existing natural gas pipeline network. Major gas pipelines cross the BC Interior from Vancouver to Prince George, and also across to the Prince Rupert seaport (see Figure 4.7.5). The planned Alaska Pipeline (not shown) will run through the northern corner of BC, close to Fort St. John and then on to the coast and north into Yukon. For the BC Interior, Duke Energy and Pacific Northern Gas pipelines are the most relevant. Both pipelines are shown in more detail in Figure 4.7.6. Figure 4.7.5 Major Natural Gas Pipelines in Western Canada [CCEI 2004] Natural gas prices are linked to the price of crude oil, which continues to remain above $50 per barrel. Forward pricing for natural gas for the years 2006/2007 moves around C$10 to 12 [TG 2006]. Due to increased use of liquefied natural gas, future pricing is expected to relax slightly. The lower amount of $10/GJ was therefore used to model revenues from natural gas sales after 2010, when the technology discussed here may become available. Production costs included in Table 4.7.2 are based on the calculations made in ECN 2003, but were modified to reflect feedstock and other costs in BC. Conversion from € to C$ was made at a rate of $1.40 per Euro. The capital investment for a gasification and methanation plant is given as €449 per kW installed in the 2003 study. As this seemed too low, we enquired from the authors and obtained a newer estimate, which is €850 per MWth for a 100 MWth plant [ECN 2006]. We adjusted this to €900/MWth for a plant of 50 MWth capacity. To match the size of the bugwood harvesting operations and use a feedstock consumption similar to plants discussed above, the unit size for this study is modeled as a 50 MW plant (about 100,000 bdt/year). The annual plant capacity factor is assumed to be 90%. Operating and maintenance costs are taken Page 77PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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