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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 4.7 Gasification and Purification to Pipeline Standards 4.7.1 Gasification Overview Gasification is an attractive energy-from-biomass option as it is a demonstrated technology, relatively energy efficient and capable of converting solid biomass into a variety of useful gaseous energy streams. In normal wood combustion, the combustible gases released from the heated wood burn with a visible flame. Under reduced air conditions, as found in gasifiers, the combustible synthesis gas (also known as syn-, wood, or producer gas) consists mainly of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons, from CH4 (methane) to heavier and carry condensates that need to be cleaned or cracked to achieve pipeline standards. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and water vapour are usually also present but add no direct heating value to the gas. As discussed above under methanol production, the gasifier type or process and the temperatures determine the amount and type of hydrocarbons produced and the overall gas composition. Lower temperatures produce proportionally more hydrocarbons than higher gasification temperatures, which tend to drive the reaction to CO and H2. The type of gasifier and the temperature will usually be chosen to match the required end use of the gas. Some of the process options available for wood gas are shown below in Figure 4.7.1. Generator Electricity Distribution to Grid Distant Con su mer Burner Direct Heat Local use Local Consumer Figure 4.7.1 Methanation SNG Distribution Distant Consumer Mobile Gas Producer with IC Engine Local Consumer GAS PRODUCTION Harvest Transport GAS UPGRADING & CONSUMPTION Process & Dry Gasify Reformer Shift Converter Hydrogen Compressor Local Con su mer Condition Methanation Fischer Tropsch Liquid Hydrocarbons Transport Distant Consumer Producer Gas Possible Options for the Use of Wood-gas As shown above, there are several small and micro-scale utilization options for local wood gasification. For example, wood gas could be used to power vehicles such as harvesting or delivery vehicles or a mobile whole log or non-stem wood log chipper. Usually such mobile units used to power internal combustion engines are locally made with equipment readily available from a variety of sources. Several manufacturers currently do make and market micro-scale biogas electrical generator sets (25 to 300kw) that could be used for small communities or industries. These small-scale local uses, although technically feasible (and proven), are often Page 73PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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