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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Tar Cracking Multi-Cyclone Bag Filters Wet Scrubber Particulates > 5 μm Fine Particulate, Alkali Metals Residual Tar, Fine Particulate, Alkali Metals Figure 4.6.7 Typical Syngas Cleaning Schematic Tar Cracking, Multi-Cyclones and Bag Filters: Tar cracking occurs in a separate reactor at an elevated temperature of around 900°C. The reactor contains a catalytic bed material that promotes the cracking of heavy, condensable hydrocarbons into lighter species. Multi-cyclones are centrifugal separating cyclones that operate in series to remove particulate matter. They are capable of removing over 90% of the particulate matter greater than 5 μm in diameter and are only limited by the temperature of the material that the cyclones are made from. Bag filters are used to remove finer particles but require a drop in temperature. This temperature drop is due to material considerations and requires that the bag filters operate at temperatures below 350°C. At a temperature of around 600°C, alkali vapours condense to fine particulates less than 5 μm in diameter. This coincides with the bag filter temperature drop and because of the temperature reduction, it allows for the capture of much of these condensed aerosols. Wet Scrubbing: Wet scrubbing refers to the process in which water is used to capture particulates in the syngas. This requires lowering the gas temperature and spraying jets of water into the syngas stream. The procedure, although effective, has two serious detrimental effects on the processing of biomass. One is a thermodynamic penalty due to the cooling of the gas, which must be re-heated to continue processing for methanol. The other drawback is that wastewater treatment is required. This creates a number of added expenses and makes mobile applications more unlikely due to the need to dig new evaporation pools at each new site adding to the difficulty of obtaining permits for the mobile unit. Research is currently focusing on developing dry, hot gas cleaning systems. There is currently no commercial system but high temperature particulate removal has been demonstrated and will continue to be a topic of research. 4.6.5 Methanol Synthesis The creation of methanol from syngas requires a number of reactions prior to the actual synthesis; the process flow is illustrated in Figure 4.6.8. The synthesis of methanol requires four species, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. The first step in synthesis is the reforming of light hydrocarbons, which some gasifiers produce (particularly indirect gasifiers) and which contains a significant amount of energy, enough to warrant recuperation. To extract the energy from the light hydrocarbons, the gas undergoes a recovery process by steam reforming over a nickel catalyst to form CO and H2. These reactions are described in Table 4.6.3. Page 66PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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