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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Table 4.6.1 Gasification Reactions Reaction H (kJ/mole) 298K 1000K a. CO+H2O↔CO2 +H2 -41.2 -34.8 b. C + 2H2 ↔ CH4 -74.9 -89.6 c. C+H2O↔CO+H2 131.4 136.0 d. C + CO2 ↔ 2CO e. C+O2↔CO2 172.6 -393.8 170.7 -394.9 It can be seen below from Table 4.6.2 that the different gasification processes produce syngas that differs in proportions and species. Even with the gas makeup it is not possible to choose a gasifier based solely on efficiency or end gas concentrations since pre-processing and transportation make up a significant portion of the energy required for synthesis. Table 4.6.2 Typical Syngas Composition from Different Types of Gasifiers Entrained flow, Direct and Indirect Fluidized Bed, Air or O2 Mole Fraction Direct Fluidized* (Air) Direct Fluidized** (O2) Indirect Fluidized*** (O2) Entrained Flow**** (O2) H20 0.0% 31.8% 19.9% 18.4% N2 53.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% H2 11.7% 20.8% 16.7% 30.7% CO 12.3% 15.0% 37.1% 39.0% CO2 13.3% 23.9% 8.9% 11.8% CH4 4.3% 8.2% 12.6% 0.1% C2+ 3.1% 0.3% 4.8% 0.0% HHV (GJ/kg) 10.45 8.22 15.72 9.80 4.6.4 Cleaning Processes Syngas contains a number of contaminants, which for the most part depends on the type of gasification process selected. The methanol process requires that particulate levels be around 3 to 5 ppm and alkali metal concentrations around 20 ppb. This means the syngas will have to undergo a cleaning process before it can be used to make methanol. Tars (hydrocarbons with a molecular weight greater than 78 kg/kmole) should also be removed to prevent fowling of equipment. Although every system uses different configurations of cleaners, they all use part or all of the four cleaning systems that are represented in Figure 4.6.7. Page 65PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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