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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 4.4 Bio-liquid Production Using Bugwood 4.4.1 Understanding Bio-liquid Bio-liquid is a term used to describe the liquid products created when applying pyrolysis to organics. It has been traditionally called bio-oil but this term can be somewhat misleading as the bio-liquid is not similar to crude oil or its refined products. This study will use the term bio- liquid to maintain that distinction. Bio-liquid is a fuel that has concentrated the energy of the original bugwood into a “higher value” product. This reduces the volume and, presumably, the cost of shipping bugwood energy. The bio-liquid product requires a market that will purchase and use this fuel. Heating organic feedstock in the absence of oxygen will cause a chemical “breakdown” and release of numerous compounds. Many of these compounds can be condensed to form a “soup” of complex molecules – called bio-liquid. Some companies are using bio-liquid as feedstock to extract useful chemicals. Other companies are promoting bio-liquid as an energy fuel. In this report we will consider bio-liquid strictly as an energy carrier. The fundamental pyrolysis process is to heat organic feedstock in the absence of air, collect the resulting gaseous emissions, cool and condense the gases into bio-liquid. It has been found that both the temperature and the speed of pyrolysis reaction affect the yield and “quality” of the resulting bio-liquid. Rapid reaction in fluidized bed retorts is the approach taken by Dynamotive Energy Systems Corporation of Vancouver, BC and Ensyn Technologies Inc. of Ottawa. Controlled temperature using mechanical augers is the approach taken by Advanced Biorefinery Inc. of Ottawa, Ontario (ABRI). A slow pyrolysis process is promoted by JF BioEnergy Inc. of Boston Bar, BC. In all conversion processes, the original water content of the fuel becomes part of the resulting bio-liquid but since the feedstock has been concentrated, water forms a greater portion of the bio-liquid on a percentage basis. Biomass feedstock must be dried to <10% moisture content to result in 22%-25% water content in bio-liquid. Water is a necessary component in the bio-liquid as it acts to prevent the various molecules from separating into multiple phases. There are two secondary products from the pyrolysis reaction of forest biomass: non- condensable gas and char. The non-condensable gas contains volatiles and is usually burned in the conversion process. Char is a powdery mixture of carbon mixed with the ash content of the original biomass. It is highly reactive and will spontaneously combust given the right conditions. Char has been promoted – unsuccessfully to date - for several applications. ABRI and Ensyn use the char for process heat during bio-liquid conversion. Other companies supply added heat from external sources and offer the char to the market. Every pyrolysis process requires energy input to support the equipment. Motors are required to drive biomass feeders, pumps, fans, etc. Often this parasitic load is not clearly identified by the promoters. In addition, some processes require consumable makeup beyond the biomass feedstock; i.e. nitrogen and sand for fluidized bed systems. For most systems this means they must be located close to populated areas where power and supplies are accessible. The Advanced Biorefinery (ABRI) approach differs in that it uses less parasitic power in its process, it expects to be located in more remote areas and it will produce its required power locally if it is not available. ABRI promotes remote processing of biomass with a self-sufficient system that creates bio-liquid to be shipped to users. Page 48PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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