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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. purposes. The Entropic system will have an overall electrical efficiency of about 12% - 14%. It is a new development from Entropic Energy Inc., a B.C. company, and serves sizes from 250 kWe to 2 MWe. Air Turbine (Indirect Brayton Cycle): The indirect Brayton cycle uses the “jet engine” concept in which the combustor section has been replaced by an indirect heat exchanger in a hot flue gas exhaust stack. It is sometimes called an “air turbine” system. This concept has been proposed by a number of companies although commercial systems have not been forthcoming. CHP heat is available as clean hot air from the turbine exhaust which is not a useful form for transport in district heat systems. Hot water can be supplied by heat exchange with the turbine exhaust and/or the exiting flue gas. A rarely discussed and poorly understood limitation of the indirect Brayton cycle is the trade-offs of overall electrical efficiency. The cycle efficiency of the Brayton cycle is increased when operating at higher pressures (and consequently higher temperatures). Unlike the jet engine in which the energy supplied is added to the compressed air heat, the indirect heat input is limited by the temperature of the compressed air. Greater operating pressure means greater compressed air temperature which, in turn, means less heat transfer from the flue gas. The overall electrical efficiency is the product of cycle efficiency and heat recovery efficiency from the flue gas. It can be shown that the balance between these competing processes are best met at 7 – 10 bar while recuperating the turbine exhaust flow energy. An indirect Brayton cycle will have an overall electrical efficiency in the order of 7% – 8% when using carbon steel heat exchangers. These systems are not commonly available at this time. 4.3.4 Energy Flow for CHP Systems It has been noted in Table 3.1.1 that current harvesting of bugwood varies in different areas and can be as low as 46 m3 per day. Multiple independent operations within a common area will produce up to 3,700 m3 of bugwood per day. These current operations collect bugwood as a by-product of green wood logging. It is assumed that individual harvesters will collect 1000 m3 of bugwood per day. This quantity equates to upwards of 300 tonnes per day for processing by CHP plants, which equates to about 3 MWe of power production. This power is in the level of consumption needs by townships and much larger than needed by small communities or individuals. Depending on the needs of any given region, several harvesting operations could supply a single township or a single harvesting operation may supply a number of small communities or individuals. CHP operations are by nature continuous (24 hours per day) but subject to demand (not necessarily operating at full capacity). The four CHP technology options are noted below using the same bugwood harvesting and transport conditions. The energy flows, shown diagrammatically in Figure 4.3.3 to Figure 4.3.6, are adaptations from [ESI 2004]. These figures indicate that the ORC and the Entropic CHP options offer the greatest energy conversion to electricity and the greatest overall CHP energy conversions. Both of these systems produce heat as hot water. This form of heat is particularly suited for district heating applications as it is in the most useful temperature range and it can be pumped significant distances. Page 42PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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